all: bare metal support (fix `-freestanding`) (#9624)

cmd/tools/vfmt.v

@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ fn main() {
 		verror(err.msg)
 		return
 	}
-	if is_atty(0) == 0 && files.len == 0 {
+	if os.is_atty(0) == 0 && files.len == 0 {
 		foptions.format_pipe()
 		exit(0)
 	}

cmd/tools/vrepl.v

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ mut:
 	vstartup_lines []string // lines in the `VSTARTUP` file
 }
 
-const is_stdin_a_pipe = (is_atty(0) == 0)
+const is_stdin_a_pipe = (os.is_atty(0) == 0)
 
 const vexe = os.getenv('VEXE')
 

cmd/tools/vtest-cleancode.v

@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ const (
 		'vlib/v/tests/generics_test.v', /* multi_generic_args<Foo<int>, Foo<int> >(...) becomes .... Foo<int>>(...) which does not parse */
 		'vlib/v/tests/string_interpolation_test.v' /* TODO byteptr: &byte.str() behaves differently than byteptr.str() */,
 		'vlib/v/gen/js/tests/js.v', /* local `hello` fn, gets replaced with module `hello` aliased as `hl` */
+		'vlib/v/gen/c/cheaders.v' /* the preprocessor directives are formated to the V standard, even though they are in a string literal */,
 	]
 	vfmt_verify_list                = [
 		'cmd/',

cmd/tools/vtest-fmt.v

@@ -15,12 +15,12 @@ const (
 		'vlib/builtin/js/jsfns_node.js.v',
 		'vlib/builtin/js/jsfns.js.v',
 		'vlib/builtin/js/jsfns_browser.js.v',
-		// error: expr(): bad token `asm`, on `asm {}`
-		'vlib/builtin/bare/linuxsys_bare.v',
 		// total chaos (duplicated code several times) in array_eq_test.v
 		'vlib/builtin/array_eq_test.v',
 		// the fn args are removed, then `cb fn (picohttpparser.Request, mut picohttpparser.Response)` can not be reparsed
 		'vlib/picoev/picoev.v',
+		// the preprocessor directives are formated to the V standard, even though they are in a string literal
+		'vlib/v/gen/c/cheaders.v',
 	]
 )
 

cmd/v/help/build-c.txt

@@ -24,6 +24,47 @@ see also `v help build`.
       Build the executable without dependency on libc.
       Supported only on `linux` targets currently.
 
+   -bare-builtin-dir <bare-builtin-dir>
+      Use with `-freestanding`. This specifies the directory to the 
+      implementation of some basic builtin functions. The list is as follows:
+         memcpy(dest &byte, src &byte, n int) &byte
+            Moves n bytes from dest to src, and returns dest
+         [export: 'malloc']
+         __malloc(n int) &byte
+            Allocates n bytes of memory and returns the pointer to the first byte
+         strlen(s &byte) int
+            Returns the amount of bytes until the first `0`, starting at s
+         realloc(old_area &byte, new_size int) &byte
+            Allocates a new area of size new_size, copies old_area 
+            to the new area, and returns a pointer to the new area.
+         memset(s &byte, c int, n int) &byte
+            Sets n bytes starting at s to c (c is casted to a char)
+            and returns s.
+         memmove(dest &byte, src &byte, n int) &byte
+            Like memcpy, but guaranteed to work if dest and src overlap.
+         [export: 'calloc']
+         __calloc(nmemb int, size int) &byte
+            Like malloc, but sets all the bytes to `0` first.
+         getchar() int
+            Read one character from stdin and return it.
+         memcmp(a &byte, b &byte, n int) int
+            Compare two buffers of length n. If a and b are equal, return 0.
+            Otherwise, return the difference between the first different letter.
+         [export: 'free']
+         __free(ptr &byte)
+            Free the block of memory ptr allocated by malloc.
+         vsprintf(str &char, format &char, ap va_list) int
+            See `man vsprintf`.
+         vsnprintf(str &char, size int, format &char, ap va_list) int
+            See `man vsnprintf`.
+         bare_print(buf &byte, len u64)
+            Print len charecters from the buffer pointed to by buf to stdout.
+         bare_eprint(buf &byte, len u64)
+            Print len charecters from the buffer pointed to by buf to stderr.
+
+         The module decleration should be `builtin`. The default linux 
+         implementation can be found in `vlib/builtin/linux_bare`.
+
    -os <os>, -target-os <os>
       Change the target OS that V tries to compile for.
       By default, the target OS is the host system.

cmd/v/v.v

@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ fn main() {
 	if args.len == 0 || args[0] in ['-', 'repl'] {
 		// Running `./v` without args launches repl
 		if args.len == 0 {
-			if is_atty(0) != 0 {
+			if os.is_atty(0) != 0 {
 				println('Welcome to the V REPL (for help with V itself, type `exit`, then run `v help`).')
 			} else {
 				mut args_and_flags := util.join_env_vflags_and_os_args()[1..].clone()

examples/binary_search_tree.v

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // Binary Search Tree example by @SleepyRoy
 
 // TODO: make Node.value generic once it's robust enough
-// TODO: `return match` instead of returns everywhere inside match 
+// TODO: `return match` instead of returns everywhere inside match
 
 struct Empty {}
 
@@ -121,22 +121,46 @@ fn delete(tree Tree, x f64) Tree {
 }
 
 fn main() {
-	mut tree := Tree(Empty{})
+	$if !freestanding {
-	input := [0.3, 0.2, 0.5, 0.0, 0.6, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 0.1, 0.4, 0.7]
+		mut tree := Tree(Empty{})
-	for i in input {
+		input := [0.3, 0.2, 0.5, 0.0, 0.6, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 0.1, 0.4, 0.7]
-		tree = insert(tree, i)
+		for i in input {
-	}
+			tree = insert(tree, i)
-	println('[1] after insertion tree size is ${size(tree)}') // 11
-	del := [-0.3, 0.0, 0.3, 0.6, 1.0, 1.5]
-	for i in del {
-		tree = delete(tree, i)
-	}
-	print('[2] after deletion tree size is ${size(tree)}, ') // 7
-	print('and these elements were deleted: ') // 0.0 0.3 0.6 1.0
-	for i in input {
-		if !search(tree, i) {
-			print('$i ')
 		}
+		println('[1] after insertion tree size is ${size(tree)}') // 11
+		del := [-0.3, 0.0, 0.3, 0.6, 1.0, 1.5]
+		for i in del {
+			tree = delete(tree, i)
+		}
+		print('[2] after deletion tree size is ${size(tree)}, ') // 7
+		print('and these elements were deleted: ') // 0.0 0.3 0.6 1.0
+		for i in input {
+			if !search(tree, i) {
+				print('$i ')
+			}
+		}
+		println('')
+	} $else {
+		mut tree := Tree(Empty{})
+		input := [0.3, 0.2, 0.5, 0.0, 0.6, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 0.1, 0.4, 0.7]
+		for i in input {
+			tree = insert(tree, i)
+		}
+		print('[1] after insertion tree size is ') // 11
+		println(size(tree))
+		del := [-0.3, 0.0, 0.3, 0.6, 1.0, 1.5]
+		for i in del {
+			tree = delete(tree, i)
+		}
+		print('[2] after deletion tree size is ') // 7
+		print(size(tree))
+		print(', and these elements were deleted: ') // 0.0 0.3 0.6 1.0
+		for i in input {
+			if !search(tree, i) {
+				print(i)
+				print(' ')
+			}
+		}
+		println('')
 	}
-	println('')
 }

vlib/builtin/array.v

@@ -136,7 +136,11 @@ pub fn (a array) repeat(count int) array {
 
 // sort_with_compare sorts array in-place using given `compare` function as comparator.
 pub fn (mut a array) sort_with_compare(compare voidptr) {
-	C.qsort(mut a.data, a.len, a.element_size, compare)
+	$if freestanding {
+		panic('sort does not work with -freestanding')
+	} $else {
+		C.qsort(mut a.data, a.len, a.element_size, compare)
+	}
 }
 
 // insert inserts a value in the array at index `i`

vlib/builtin/bare/builtin.v

@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-module builtin
-
-struct string {
-	len int
-}

vlib/builtin/builtin.c.v

@@ -18,12 +18,17 @@ fn panic_debug(line_no int, file string, mod string, fn_name string, s string) {
 	// module is less likely to change than function, etc...
 	// During edits, the line number will change most frequently,
 	// so it is last
-	eprintln('================ V panic ================')
+	$if !freestanding {
-	eprintln('   module: $mod')
+		eprintln('================ V panic ================')
-	eprintln(' function: ${fn_name}()')
+		eprintln('   module: $mod')
-	eprintln('  message: $s')
+		eprintln(' function: ${fn_name}()')
-	eprintln('     file: $file:$line_no')
+		eprintln('  message: $s')
-	eprintln('=========================================')
+		eprintln('     file: $file:$line_no')
+		eprintln('=========================================')
+	} $else {
+		eprint('V panic: ')
+		eprintln(s)
+	}
 	$if exit_after_panic_message ? {
 		C.exit(1)
 	} $else {
@@ -38,7 +43,9 @@ fn panic_debug(line_no int, file string, mod string, fn_name string, s string) {
 				}
 				C.exit(1)
 			}
-			print_backtrace_skipping_top_frames(1)
+			$if !freestanding {
+				print_backtrace_skipping_top_frames(1)
+			}
 			$if panics_break_into_debugger ? {
 				break_if_debugger_attached()
 			}
@@ -54,7 +61,8 @@ pub fn panic_optional_not_set(s string) {
 // panic prints a nice error message, then exits the process with exit code of 1.
 // It also shows a backtrace on most platforms.
 pub fn panic(s string) {
-	eprintln('V panic: $s')
+	eprint('V panic: ')
+	eprintln(s)
 	$if exit_after_panic_message ? {
 		C.exit(1)
 	} $else {
@@ -69,7 +77,9 @@ pub fn panic(s string) {
 				}
 				C.exit(1)
 			}
-			print_backtrace_skipping_top_frames(1)
+			$if !freestanding {
+				print_backtrace_skipping_top_frames(1)
+			}
 			$if panics_break_into_debugger ? {
 				break_if_debugger_attached()
 			}
@@ -80,14 +90,13 @@ pub fn panic(s string) {
 
 // eprintln prints a message with a line end, to stderr. Both stderr and stdout are flushed.
 pub fn eprintln(s string) {
-	C.fflush(C.stdout)
+	$if freestanding {
-	C.fflush(C.stderr)
+		// flushing is only a thing with C.FILE from stdio.h, not on the syscall level
-	// eprintln is used in panics, so it should not fail at all
-	$if android {
 		if s.str == 0 {
-			C.fprintf(C.stderr, c'eprintln(NIL)\n')
+			bare_eprint(c'eprintln(NIL)\n', 14)
 		} else {
-			C.fprintf(C.stderr, c'%.*s\n', s.len, s.str)
+			bare_eprint(s.str, u64(s.len))
+			bare_eprint(c'\n', 1)
 		}
 	} $else $if ios {
 		if s.str == 0 {
@@ -96,25 +105,35 @@ pub fn eprintln(s string) {
 			C.WrappedNSLog(s.str)
 		}
 	} $else {
-		if s.str == 0 {
+		C.fflush(C.stdout)
-			C.write(2, c'eprintln(NIL)\n', 14)
+		C.fflush(C.stderr)
-		} else {
+		// eprintln is used in panics, so it should not fail at all
-			C.write(2, s.str, s.len)
+		$if android {
-			C.write(2, c'\n', 1)
+			if s.str == 0 {
+				C.fprintf(C.stderr, c'eprintln(NIL)\n')
+			} else {
+				C.fprintf(C.stderr, c'%.*s\n', s.len, s.str)
+			}
+		} $else {
+			if s.str == 0 {
+				C.write(2, c'eprintln(NIL)\n', 14)
+			} else {
+				C.write(2, s.str, s.len)
+				C.write(2, c'\n', 1)
+			}
 		}
+		C.fflush(C.stderr)
 	}
-	C.fflush(C.stderr)
 }
 
 // eprint prints a message to stderr. Both stderr and stdout are flushed.
 pub fn eprint(s string) {
-	C.fflush(C.stdout)
+	$if freestanding {
-	C.fflush(C.stderr)
+		// flushing is only a thing with C.FILE from stdio.h, not on the syscall level
-	$if android {
 		if s.str == 0 {
-			C.fprintf(C.stderr, c'eprint(NIL)')
+			bare_eprint(c'eprint(NIL)\n', 12)
 		} else {
-			C.fprintf(C.stderr, c'%.*s', s.len, s.str)
+			bare_eprint(s.str, u64(s.len))
 		}
 	} $else $if ios {
 		// TODO: Implement a buffer as NSLog doesn't have a "print"
@@ -124,13 +143,23 @@ pub fn eprint(s string) {
 			C.WrappedNSLog(s.str)
 		}
 	} $else {
-		if s.str == 0 {
+		C.fflush(C.stdout)
-			C.write(2, c'eprint(NIL)', 11)
+		C.fflush(C.stderr)
-		} else {
+		$if android {
-			C.write(2, s.str, s.len)
+			if s.str == 0 {
+				C.fprintf(C.stderr, c'eprint(NIL)')
+			} else {
+				C.fprintf(C.stderr, c'%.*s', s.len, s.str)
+			}
+		} $else {
+			if s.str == 0 {
+				C.write(2, c'eprint(NIL)', 11)
+			} else {
+				C.write(2, s.str, s.len)
+			}
 		}
+		C.fflush(C.stderr)
 	}
-	C.fflush(C.stderr)
 }
 
 // print prints a message to stdout. Unlike `println` stdout is not automatically flushed.
@@ -141,6 +170,8 @@ pub fn print(s string) {
 	} $else $if ios {
 		// TODO: Implement a buffer as NSLog doesn't have a "print"
 		C.WrappedNSLog(s.str)
+	} $else $if freestanding {
+		bare_print(s.str, u64(s.len))
 	} $else {
 		C.write(1, s.str, s.len)
 	}
@@ -160,6 +191,9 @@ pub fn println(s string) {
 			C.fprintf(C.stdout, c'println(NIL)\n')
 		} $else $if ios {
 			C.WrappedNSLog(c'println(NIL)')
+		} $else $if freestanding {
+			bare_print(s.str, u64(s.len))
+			bare_print(c'println(NIL)\n', 13)
 		} $else {
 			C.write(1, c'println(NIL)\n', 13)
 		}
@@ -169,6 +203,9 @@ pub fn println(s string) {
 		C.fprintf(C.stdout, c'%.*s\n', s.len, s.str)
 	} $else $if ios {
 		C.WrappedNSLog(s.str)
+	} $else $if freestanding {
+		bare_print(s.str, u64(s.len))
+		bare_print(c'\n', 1)
 	} $else {
 		C.write(1, s.str, s.len)
 		C.write(1, c'\n', 1)
@@ -205,6 +242,14 @@ pub fn malloc(n int) &byte {
 			unsafe {
 				res = C.GC_MALLOC(n)
 			}
+		} $else $if freestanding {
+			mut e := Errno{}
+			res, e = mm_alloc(u64(n))
+			if e != .enoerror {
+				eprint('malloc() failed: ')
+				eprintln(e.str())
+				panic('malloc() failed')
+			}
 		} $else {
 			res = unsafe { C.malloc(n) }
 		}
@@ -365,18 +410,6 @@ pub fn memdup(src voidptr, sz int) voidptr {
 	}
 }
 
-// is_atty returns 1 if the `fd` file descriptor is open and refers to a terminal
-pub fn is_atty(fd int) int {
-	$if windows {
-		mut mode := u32(0)
-		osfh := voidptr(C._get_osfhandle(fd))
-		C.GetConsoleMode(osfh, voidptr(&mode))
-		return int(mode)
-	} $else {
-		return C.isatty(fd)
-	}
-}
-
 [inline]
 fn v_fixed_index(i int, len int) int {
 	$if !no_bounds_checking ? {

vlib/builtin/builtin.v

@@ -13,6 +13,12 @@ pub fn isnil(v voidptr) bool {
 	return v == 0
 }
 
+[deprecated: 'use os.is_atty(x) instead']
+pub fn is_atty(fd int) int {
+	panic('use os.is_atty(x) instead')
+	return 0
+}
+
 /*
 fn on_panic(f fn(int)int) {
 	// TODO
@@ -26,7 +32,9 @@ pub fn print_backtrace() {
 	// 1 frame for print_backtrace itself
 	// ... print the rest of the backtrace frames ...
 	// => top 2 frames should be skipped, since they will not be informative to the developer
-	print_backtrace_skipping_top_frames(2)
+	$if !freestanding {
+		print_backtrace_skipping_top_frames(2)
+	}
 }
 
 struct VCastTypeIndexName {

vlib/builtin/builtin_nix.c.v

@@ -85,55 +85,57 @@ fn print_backtrace_skipping_top_frames_linux(skipframes int) bool {
 	$if no_backtrace ? {
 		return false
 	} $else {
-		$if tinyc {
+		$if !freestanding {
-			C.tcc_backtrace(c'Backtrace')
+			$if tinyc {
-			return false
+				C.tcc_backtrace(c'Backtrace')
-		}
+				return false
-		buffer := [100]voidptr{}
-		nr_ptrs := C.backtrace(&buffer[0], 100)
-		if nr_ptrs < 2 {
-			eprintln('C.backtrace returned less than 2 frames')
-			return false
-		}
-		nr_actual_frames := nr_ptrs - skipframes
-		mut sframes := []string{}
-		//////csymbols := backtrace_symbols(*voidptr(&buffer[skipframes]), nr_actual_frames)
-		csymbols := C.backtrace_symbols(voidptr(&buffer[skipframes]), nr_actual_frames)
-		for i in 0 .. nr_actual_frames {
-			sframes << unsafe { tos2(&byte(csymbols[i])) }
-		}
-		for sframe in sframes {
-			executable := sframe.all_before('(')
-			addr := sframe.all_after('[').all_before(']')
-			beforeaddr := sframe.all_before('[')
-			cmd := 'addr2line -e $executable $addr'
-			// taken from os, to avoid depending on the os module inside builtin.v
-			f := C.popen(&char(cmd.str), c'r')
-			if isnil(f) {
-				eprintln(sframe)
-				continue
 			}
-			buf := [1000]byte{}
+			buffer := [100]voidptr{}
-			mut output := ''
+			nr_ptrs := C.backtrace(&buffer[0], 100)
-			unsafe {
+			if nr_ptrs < 2 {
-				bp := &buf[0]
+				eprintln('C.backtrace returned less than 2 frames')
-				for C.fgets(&char(bp), 1000, f) != 0 {
+				return false
-					output += tos(bp, vstrlen(bp))
+			}
+			nr_actual_frames := nr_ptrs - skipframes
+			mut sframes := []string{}
+			//////csymbols := backtrace_symbols(*voidptr(&buffer[skipframes]), nr_actual_frames)
+			csymbols := C.backtrace_symbols(voidptr(&buffer[skipframes]), nr_actual_frames)
+			for i in 0 .. nr_actual_frames {
+				sframes << unsafe { tos2(&byte(csymbols[i])) }
+			}
+			for sframe in sframes {
+				executable := sframe.all_before('(')
+				addr := sframe.all_after('[').all_before(']')
+				beforeaddr := sframe.all_before('[')
+				cmd := 'addr2line -e $executable $addr'
+				// taken from os, to avoid depending on the os module inside builtin.v
+				f := C.popen(&char(cmd.str), c'r')
+				if isnil(f) {
+					eprintln(sframe)
+					continue
 				}
+				buf := [1000]byte{}
+				mut output := ''
+				unsafe {
+					bp := &buf[0]
+					for C.fgets(&char(bp), 1000, f) != 0 {
+						output += tos(bp, vstrlen(bp))
+					}
+				}
+				output = output.trim_space() + ':'
+				if C.pclose(f) != 0 {
+					eprintln(sframe)
+					continue
+				}
+				if output in ['??:0:', '??:?:'] {
+					output = ''
+				}
+				// See http://wiki.dwarfstd.org/index.php?title=Path_Discriminators
+				// NB: it is shortened here to just d. , just so that it fits, and so
+				// that the common error file:lineno: line format is enforced.
+				output = output.replace(' (discriminator', ': (d.')
+				eprintln('${output:-55s} | ${addr:14s} | $beforeaddr')
 			}
-			output = output.trim_space() + ':'
-			if C.pclose(f) != 0 {
-				eprintln(sframe)
-				continue
-			}
-			if output in ['??:0:', '??:?:'] {
-				output = ''
-			}
-			// See http://wiki.dwarfstd.org/index.php?title=Path_Discriminators
-			// NB: it is shortened here to just d. , just so that it fits, and so
-			// that the common error file:lineno: line format is enforced.
-			output = output.replace(' (discriminator', ': (d.')
-			eprintln('${output:-55s} | ${addr:14s} | $beforeaddr')
 		}
 	}
 	return true

vlib/builtin/builtin_windows.c.v

@@ -77,11 +77,18 @@ fn restore_codepage() {
 	C.SetConsoleOutputCP(g_original_codepage)
 }
 
+fn is_terminal(fd int) int {
+	mut mode := u32(0)
+	osfh := voidptr(C._get_osfhandle(fd))
+	C.GetConsoleMode(osfh, voidptr(&mode))
+	return int(mode)
+}
+
 fn builtin_init() {
 	g_original_codepage = C.GetConsoleOutputCP()
 	C.SetConsoleOutputCP(C.CP_UTF8)
 	C.atexit(restore_codepage)
-	if is_atty(1) > 0 {
+	if is_terminal(1) > 0 {
 		C.SetConsoleMode(C.GetStdHandle(C.STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE), C.ENABLE_PROCESSED_OUTPUT | C.ENABLE_WRAP_AT_EOL_OUTPUT | 0x0004) // enable_virtual_terminal_processing
 		C.SetConsoleMode(C.GetStdHandle(C.STD_ERROR_HANDLE), C.ENABLE_PROCESSED_OUTPUT | C.ENABLE_WRAP_AT_EOL_OUTPUT | 0x0004) // enable_virtual_terminal_processing
 		unsafe {

vlib/builtin/linux_bare/libc_impl.v

@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+module builtin
+
+[unsafe]
+pub fn memcpy(dest &byte, src &byte, n int) &byte {
+	unsafe {
+		for i in 0 .. n {
+			dest[i] = src[i]
+		}
+		return dest
+	}
+}
+
+[export: 'malloc']
+[unsafe]
+fn __malloc(n int) &byte {
+	return unsafe { malloc(n) }
+}
+
+[unsafe]
+fn strlen(s &byte) int {
+	mut i := 0
+	for ; unsafe { s[i] } != 0; i++ {}
+	return i
+}
+
+[unsafe]
+fn realloc(old_area &byte, new_size int) &byte {
+	if old_area == 0 {
+		return unsafe { malloc(new_size) }
+	}
+	if new_size == 0 {
+		unsafe { free(old_area) }
+		return 0
+	}
+	old_size := unsafe { *(&u64(old_area - sizeof(u64))) }
+	if new_size <= old_size {
+		return old_area
+	} else {
+		new_area := unsafe { malloc(new_size) }
+		unsafe { memmove(new_area, old_area, int(old_size)) }
+		unsafe { free(old_area) }
+		return new_area
+	}
+}
+
+[unsafe]
+fn memset(_s &byte, _c int, n int) &byte {
+	c := char(_c)
+	mut s := unsafe { &char(_s) }
+	for i in 0 .. int(n) {
+		unsafe {
+			s[i] = c
+		}
+	}
+	return s
+}
+
+[unsafe]
+fn memmove(dest &byte, src &byte, n int) &byte {
+	mut temp_buf := unsafe { malloc(n) }
+	for i in 0 .. int(n) {
+		unsafe {
+			temp_buf[i] = src[i]
+		}
+	}
+
+	for i in 0 .. int(n) {
+		unsafe {
+			dest[i] = temp_buf[i]
+		}
+	}
+	unsafe { free(temp_buf) }
+	return dest
+}
+
+[export: 'calloc']
+[unsafe]
+fn __calloc(nmemb int, size int) &byte {
+	new_area := unsafe { malloc(nmemb * size) }
+	unsafe { memset(new_area, 0, nmemb * size) }
+	return new_area
+}
+
+fn getchar() int {
+	x := byte(0)
+	sys_read(C.stdin, &x, 1)
+	return int(x)
+}
+
+fn memcmp(a &byte, b &byte, n int) int {
+	for i in 0 .. int(n) {
+		if unsafe { a[i] != b[i] } {
+			unsafe {
+				return a[i] - b[i]
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+[export: 'free']
+[unsafe]
+fn __free(ptr &byte) {
+	err := mm_free(ptr)
+	if err != .enoerror {
+		eprintln('free error:')
+		panic(err)
+	}
+}
+
+fn vsprintf(str &char, format &char, ap &byte) int {
+	panic('vsprintf(): string interpolation is not supported in `-freestanding`')
+}
+
+fn vsnprintf(str &char, size int, format &char, ap &byte) int {
+	panic('vsnprintf(): string interpolation is not supported in `-freestanding`')
+}
+
+// not really needed
+fn bare_read(buf &byte, count u64) (i64, Errno) {
+	return sys_read(0, buf, count)
+}
+
+fn bare_print(buf &byte, len u64) {
+	sys_write(1, buf, len)
+}
+
+fn bare_eprint(buf &byte, len u64) {
+	sys_write(2, buf, len)
+}

vlib/builtin/linux_bare/linux_syscalls.v

@@ -0,0 +1,431 @@
+module builtin
+
+enum SigIndex {
+	si_signo = 0x00
+	si_code = 0x02
+	si_pid = 0x04
+	si_uid = 0x05
+	si_status = 0x06
+	si_size = 0x80
+}
+
+enum Signo {
+	sighup = 1 // Hangup.
+	sigint = 2 // Interactive attention signal.
+	sigquit = 3 // Quit.
+	sigill = 4 // Illegal instruction.
+	sigtrap = 5 // Trace/breakpoint trap.
+	sigabrt = 6 // Abnormal termination.
+	sigbus = 7
+	sigfpe = 8 // Erroneous arithmetic operation.
+	sigkill = 9 // Killed.
+	sigusr1 = 10
+	sigsegv = 11 // Invalid access to memory.
+	sigusr2 = 12
+	sigpipe = 13 // Broken pipe.
+	sigalrm = 14 // Alarm clock.
+	sigterm = 15 // Termination request.
+	sigstkflt = 16
+	sigchld = 17
+	sigcont = 18
+	sigstop = 19
+	sigtstp = 20
+	sigttin = 21 // Background read from control terminal.
+	sigttou = 22 // Background write to control terminal.
+	sigurg = 23
+	sigxcpu = 24 // CPU time limit exceeded.
+	sigxfsz = 25 // File size limit exceeded.
+	sigvtalrm = 26 // Virtual timer expired.
+	sigprof = 27 // Profiling timer expired.
+	sigwinch = 28
+	sigpoll = 29
+	sigsys = 31
+}
+
+// List of all the errors returned by syscalls
+enum Errno {
+	enoerror = 0x00000000
+	eperm = 0x00000001
+	enoent = 0x00000002
+	esrch = 0x00000003
+	eintr = 0x00000004
+	eio = 0x00000005
+	enxio = 0x00000006
+	e2big = 0x00000007
+	enoexec = 0x00000008
+	ebadf = 0x00000009
+	echild = 0x0000000a
+	eagain = 0x0000000b
+	enomem = 0x0000000c
+	eacces = 0x0000000d
+	efault = 0x0000000e
+	enotblk = 0x0000000f
+	ebusy = 0x00000010
+	eexist = 0x00000011
+	exdev = 0x00000012
+	enodev = 0x00000013
+	enotdir = 0x00000014
+	eisdir = 0x00000015
+	einval = 0x00000016
+	enfile = 0x00000017
+	emfile = 0x00000018
+	enotty = 0x00000019
+	etxtbsy = 0x0000001a
+	efbig = 0x0000001b
+	enospc = 0x0000001c
+	espipe = 0x0000001d
+	erofs = 0x0000001e
+	emlink = 0x0000001f
+	epipe = 0x00000020
+	edom = 0x00000021
+	erange = 0x00000022
+}
+
+enum MemProt {
+	prot_read = 0x1
+	prot_write = 0x2
+	prot_exec = 0x4
+	prot_none = 0x0
+	prot_growsdown = 0x01000000
+	prot_growsup = 0x02000000
+}
+
+enum MapFlags {
+	map_shared = 0x01
+	map_private = 0x02
+	map_shared_validate = 0x03
+	map_type = 0x0f
+	map_fixed = 0x10
+	map_file = 0x00
+	map_anonymous = 0x20
+	map_huge_shift = 26
+	map_huge_mask = 0x3f
+}
+
+//   const (
+// 	fcntlf_dupfd         = 0x00000000
+// 	fcntlf_exlck         = 0x00000004
+// 	fcntlf_getfd         = 0x00000001
+// 	fcntlf_getfl         = 0x00000003
+// 	fcntlf_getlk         = 0x00000005
+// 	fcntlf_getlk64       = 0x0000000c
+// 	fcntlf_getown        = 0x00000009
+// 	fcntlf_getowner_uids = 0x00000011
+// 	fcntlf_getown_ex     = 0x00000010
+// 	fcntlf_getsig        = 0x0000000b
+// 	fcntlf_ofd_getlk     = 0x00000024
+// 	fcntlf_ofd_setlk     = 0x00000025
+// 	fcntlf_ofd_setlkw    = 0x00000026
+// 	fcntlf_owner_pgrp    = 0x00000002
+// 	fcntlf_owner_pid     = 0x00000001
+// 	fcntlf_owner_tid     = 0x00000000
+// 	fcntlf_rdlck         = 0x00000000
+// 	fcntlf_setfd         = 0x00000002
+// 	fcntlf_setfl         = 0x00000004
+// 	fcntlf_setlk         = 0x00000006
+// 	fcntlf_setlk64       = 0x0000000d
+// 	fcntlf_setlkw        = 0x00000007
+// 	fcntlf_setlkw64      = 0x0000000e
+// 	fcntlf_setown        = 0x00000008
+// 	fcntlf_setown_ex     = 0x0000000f
+// 	fcntlf_setsig        = 0x0000000a
+// 	fcntlf_shlck         = 0x00000008
+// 	fcntlf_unlck         = 0x00000002
+// 	fcntlf_wrlck         = 0x00000001
+// 	fcntllock_ex         = 0x00000002
+// 	fcntllock_mand       = 0x00000020
+// 	fcntllock_nb         = 0x00000004
+// 	fcntllock_read       = 0x00000040
+// 	fcntllock_rw         = 0x000000c0
+// 	fcntllock_sh         = 0x00000001
+// 	fcntllock_un         = 0x00000008
+// 	fcntllock_write      = 0x00000080
+// 	fcntlo_accmode       = 0x00000003
+// 	fcntlo_append        = 0x00000400
+// 	fcntlo_cloexec       = 0x00080000
+// 	fcntlo_creat         = 0x00000040
+// 	fcntlo_direct        = 0x00004000
+// 	fcntlo_directory     = 0x00010000
+// 	fcntlo_dsync         = 0x00001000
+// 	fcntlo_excl          = 0x00000080
+// 	fcntlo_largefile     = 0x00008000
+// 	fcntlo_ndelay        = 0x00000800
+// 	fcntlo_noatime       = 0x00040000
+// 	fcntlo_noctty        = 0x00000100
+// 	fcntlo_nofollow      = 0x00020000
+// 	fcntlo_nonblock      = 0x00000800
+// 	fcntlo_path          = 0x00200000
+// 	fcntlo_rdonly        = 0x00000000
+// 	fcntlo_rdwr          = 0x00000002
+// 	fcntlo_trunc         = 0x00000200
+// 	fcntlo_wronly        = 0x00000001
+// )
+
+/*
+Paraphrased from "man 2 waitid" on Linux
+
+	Upon successful return, waitid() fills in the
+	following fields of the siginfo_t structure
+	pointed to by infop:
+
+	si_pid, offset 0x10, int index 0x04:
+		The process ID of the child.
+
+	si_uid: offset 0x14, int index 0x05
+		The real user ID of the child.
+
+	si_signo: offset 0x00, int index 0x00
+		Always set to SIGCHLD.
+
+	si_status: ofset 0x18, int index 0x06
+		1 the exit status of the child, as given to _exit(2)
+			(or exit(3)) (sc_sys.cld_exited)
+		2 the signal that caused the child to terminate, stop,
+			or continue.
+		3 The si_code field can be used to determine how to
+			interpret this field.
+
+	si_code, set to one of (enum Wi_si_code), offset 0x08, int index 0x02:
+		CLD_EXITED (child called _exit(2));
+		CLD_KILLED (child killed by signal);
+		CLD_DUMPED (child  killed by signal, and dumped core);
+		CLD_STOPPED (child stopped by signal);
+		CLD_TRAPPED (traced child has trapped);
+		CLD_CONTINUED (child continued by SIGCONT).
+*/
+
+const (
+	wp_sys_wnohang     = u64(0x00000001)
+	wp_sys_wuntraced   = u64(0x00000002)
+	wp_sys_wstopped    = u64(0x00000002)
+	wp_sys_wexited     = u64(0x00000004)
+	wp_sys_wcontinued  = u64(0x00000008)
+	wp_sys_wnowait     = u64(0x01000000) // don't reap, just poll status.
+	wp_sys___wnothread = u64(0x20000000) // don't wait on children of other threads in this group
+	wp_sys___wall      = u64(0x40000000) // wait on all children, regardless of type
+	wp_sys___wclone    = u64(0x80000000) // wait only on non-sigchld children
+)
+
+// First argument to waitid:
+enum WiWhich {
+	p_all = 0
+	p_pid = 1
+	p_pgid = 2
+}
+
+enum WiSiCode {
+	cld_exited = 1 // child has exited
+	cld_killed = 2 // child was killed
+	cld_dumped = 3 // child terminated abnormally
+	cld_trapped = 4 // traced child has trapped
+	cld_stopped = 5 // child has stopped
+	cld_continued = 6 // stopped child has continued
+}
+
+fn split_int_errno(rc_in u64) (i64, Errno) {
+	rc := i64(rc_in)
+	if rc < 0 {
+		return i64(-1), Errno(-rc)
+	}
+	return rc, Errno.enoerror
+}
+
+// 0 sys_read
+fn sys_read(fd i64, buf &byte, count u64) (i64, Errno) {
+	return split_int_errno(sys_call3(0, u64(fd), u64(buf), count))
+}
+
+// 1 sys_write
+fn sys_write(fd i64, buf &byte, count u64) (i64, Errno) {
+	return split_int_errno(sys_call3(1, u64(fd), u64(buf), count))
+}
+
+// 2 sys_open
+fn sys_open(filename &byte, flags i64, mode int) (i64, Errno) {
+	return split_int_errno(sys_call3(2, u64(filename), u64(flags), u64(mode)))
+}
+
+// 3 sys_close
+fn sys_close(fd i64) Errno {
+	return Errno(-i64(sys_call1(3, u64(fd))))
+}
+
+// 9 sys_mmap
+fn sys_mmap(addr &byte, len u64, prot MemProt, flags MapFlags, fildes u64, off u64) (&byte, Errno) {
+	rc := sys_call6(9, u64(addr), len, u64(prot), u64(flags), fildes, off)
+	a, e := split_int_errno(rc)
+	return &byte(a), e
+}
+
+// 11 sys_munmap
+fn sys_munmap(addr voidptr, len u64) Errno {
+	return Errno(-sys_call2(11, u64(addr), len))
+}
+
+// 22  sys_pipe
+fn sys_pipe(filedes &int) Errno {
+	return Errno(sys_call1(22, u64(filedes)))
+}
+
+// 24 sys_sched_yield
+fn sys_sched_yield() Errno {
+	return Errno(sys_call0(24))
+}
+
+// 28 sys_madvise
+fn sys_madvise(addr voidptr, len u64, advice int) Errno {
+	return Errno(sys_call3(28, u64(addr), len, u64(advice)))
+}
+
+// 39 sys_getpid
+fn sys_getpid() int {
+	return int(sys_call0(39))
+}
+
+// 57 sys_fork
+fn sys_fork() int {
+	return int(sys_call0(57))
+}
+
+// 58 sys_vfork
+fn sys_vfork() int {
+	return int(sys_call0(58))
+}
+
+// 33  sys_dup2
+fn sys_dup2(oldfd int, newfd int) (i64, Errno) {
+	return split_int_errno(sys_call2(33, u64(oldfd), u64(newfd)))
+}
+
+// 59  sys_execve
+fn sys_execve(filename &byte, argv []&byte, envp []&byte) int {
+	return int(sys_call3(59, u64(filename), argv.data, envp.data))
+}
+
+// 60 sys_exit
+fn sys_exit(ec int) {
+	sys_call1(60, u64(ec))
+}
+
+// 102 sys_getuid
+fn sys_getuid() int {
+	return int(sys_call0(102))
+}
+
+// 247 sys_waitid
+fn sys_waitid(which WiWhich, pid int, infop &int, options int, ru voidptr) Errno {
+	return Errno(sys_call5(247, u64(which), u64(pid), u64(infop), u64(options), u64(ru)))
+}
+
+fn sys_call0(scn u64) u64 {
+	mut res := u64(0)
+	asm amd64 {
+		syscall
+		; =a (res)
+		; a (scn)
+	}
+	return res
+}
+
+fn sys_call1(scn u64, arg1 u64) u64 {
+	mut res := u64(0)
+	asm amd64 {
+		syscall
+		; =a (res)
+		; a (scn)
+		  D (arg1)
+	}
+	return res
+}
+
+fn sys_call2(scn u64, arg1 u64, arg2 u64) u64 {
+	mut res := u64(0)
+	asm amd64 {
+		syscall
+		; =a (res)
+		; a (scn)
+		  D (arg1)
+		  S (arg2)
+	}
+	return res
+}
+
+fn sys_call3(scn u64, arg1 u64, arg2 u64, arg3 u64) u64 {
+	mut res := u64(0)
+	asm amd64 {
+		syscall
+		; =a (res)
+		; a (scn)
+		  D (arg1)
+		  S (arg2)
+		  d (arg3)
+	}
+	return res
+}
+
+fn sys_call4(scn u64, arg1 u64, arg2 u64, arg3 u64, arg4 u64) u64 {
+	mut res := u64(0)
+	asm amd64 {
+		mov r10, arg4
+		syscall
+		; =a (res)
+		; a (scn)
+		  D (arg1)
+		  S (arg2)
+		  d (arg3)
+		  r (arg4)
+		; r10
+	}
+	return res
+}
+
+fn sys_call5(scn u64, arg1 u64, arg2 u64, arg3 u64, arg4 u64, arg5 u64) u64 {
+	mut res := u64(0)
+	asm amd64 {
+		mov r10, arg4
+		mov r8, arg5
+		syscall
+		; =a (res)
+		; a (scn)
+		  D (arg1)
+		  S (arg2)
+		  d (arg3)
+		  r (arg4)
+		  r (arg5)
+		; r10
+		  r8
+	}
+	return res
+}
+
+fn sys_call6(scn u64, arg1 u64, arg2 u64, arg3 u64, arg4 u64, arg5 u64, arg6 u64) u64 {
+	mut res := u64(0)
+	asm amd64 {
+		mov r10, arg4
+		mov r8, arg5
+		mov r9, arg6
+		syscall
+		; =a (res)
+		; a (scn)
+		  D (arg1)
+		  S (arg2)
+		  d (arg3)
+		  r (arg4)
+		  r (arg5)
+		  r (arg6)
+		; r10
+		  r8
+		  r9
+	}
+	return res
+}
+
+asm amd64 {
+	.globl _start
+	_start:
+	call main
+	mov rax, 60
+	xor rdi, rdi
+	syscall
+	ret
+}

vlib/builtin/linux_bare/memory_managment.v

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+module builtin
+
+fn mm_alloc(size u64) (&byte, Errno) {
+	// BEGIN CONSTS
+	// the constants need to be here, since the initialization of other constants,
+	// which happen before these ones would, require malloc
+	mem_prot := MemProt(int(MemProt.prot_read) | int(MemProt.prot_write))
+	map_flags := MapFlags(int(MapFlags.map_private) | int(MapFlags.map_anonymous))
+	// END CONSTS
+
+	a, e := sys_mmap(&byte(0), size + sizeof(u64), mem_prot, map_flags, -1, 0)
+	if e == .enoerror {
+		unsafe {
+			mut ap := &u64(a)
+			*ap = size
+			x2 := &byte(a + sizeof(u64))
+			return x2, e
+		}
+	}
+	return &byte(0), e
+}
+
+fn mm_free(addr &byte) Errno {
+	unsafe {
+		ap := &u64(addr - sizeof(u64))
+		size := *ap
+		return sys_munmap(addr - sizeof(u64), size + sizeof(u64))
+	}
+}

vlib/builtin/string.v

@@ -997,7 +997,11 @@ pub fn (s string) to_lower() string {
 	unsafe {
 		mut b := malloc(s.len + 1)
 		for i in 0 .. s.len {
-			b[i] = byte(C.tolower(s.str[i]))
+			if s.str[i] >= `A` && s.str[i] <= `Z` {
+				b[i] = s.str[i] + 32
+			} else {
+				b[i] = s.str[i]
+			}
 		}
 		b[s.len] = 0
 		return tos(b, s.len)
@@ -1021,7 +1025,11 @@ pub fn (s string) to_upper() string {
 	unsafe {
 		mut b := malloc(s.len + 1)
 		for i in 0 .. s.len {
-			b[i] = byte(C.toupper(s.str[i]))
+			if s.str[i] >= `a` && s.str[i] <= `z` {
+				b[i] = s.str[i] - 32
+			} else {
+				b[i] = s.str[i]
+			}
 		}
 		b[s.len] = 0
 		return tos(b, s.len)
@@ -1539,7 +1547,11 @@ pub fn (s &string) free() {
 		return
 	}
 	if s.is_lit == -98761234 {
-		C.printf(c'double string.free() detected\n')
+		$if freestanding {
+			bare_eprint(c'double string.free() detected\n', u64(unsafe { C.strlen(c'double string.free() detected\n') }))
+		} $else {
+			C.printf(c'double string.free() detected\n')
+		}
 		return
 	}
 	if s.is_lit == 1 || s.len == 0 {

vlib/os/os.v

@@ -629,3 +629,15 @@ pub fn execute_or_panic(cmd string) Result {
 	}
 	return res
 }
+
+// is_atty returns 1 if the `fd` file descriptor is open and refers to a terminal
+pub fn is_atty(fd int) int {
+	$if windows {
+		mut mode := u32(0)
+		osfh := voidptr(C._get_osfhandle(fd))
+		C.GetConsoleMode(osfh, voidptr(&mode))
+		return int(mode)
+	} $else {
+		return C.isatty(fd)
+	}
+}

vlib/term/term.v

@@ -125,8 +125,8 @@ fn supports_escape_sequences(fd int) bool {
 			return true
 		}
 		// 4 is enable_virtual_terminal_processing
-		return (is_atty(fd) & 0x0004) > 0
+		return (os.is_atty(fd) & 0x0004) > 0
 	} $else {
-		return is_atty(fd) > 0
+		return os.is_atty(fd) > 0
 	}
 }

vlib/term/term_nix.c.v

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ fn C.ioctl(fd int, request u64, arg voidptr) int
 
 // get_terminal_size returns a number of colums and rows of terminal window.
 pub fn get_terminal_size() (int, int) {
-	if is_atty(1) <= 0 || os.getenv('TERM') == 'dumb' {
+	if os.is_atty(1) <= 0 || os.getenv('TERM') == 'dumb' {
 		return default_columns_size, default_rows_size
 	}
 	w := C.winsize{}
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ pub fn get_terminal_size() (int, int) {
 
 // get_cursor_position returns a Coord containing the current cursor position
 pub fn get_cursor_position() Coord {
-	if is_atty(1) <= 0 || os.getenv('TERM') == 'dumb' {
+	if os.is_atty(1) <= 0 || os.getenv('TERM') == 'dumb' {
 		return Coord{
 			x: 0
 			y: 0
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ pub fn get_cursor_position() Coord {
 
 // set_terminal_title change the terminal title
 pub fn set_terminal_title(title string) bool {
-	if is_atty(1) <= 0 || os.getenv('TERM') == 'dumb' {
+	if os.is_atty(1) <= 0 || os.getenv('TERM') == 'dumb' {
 		return true
 	}
 	print('\033]0')

vlib/term/term_windows.c.v

@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ fn C.ScrollConsoleScreenBuffer(output C.HANDLE, scroll_rect &C.SMALL_RECT, clip_
 
 // get_terminal_size returns a number of colums and rows of terminal window.
 pub fn get_terminal_size() (int, int) {
-	if is_atty(1) > 0 && os.getenv('TERM') != 'dumb' {
+	if os.is_atty(1) > 0 && os.getenv('TERM') != 'dumb' {
 		info := C.CONSOLE_SCREEN_BUFFER_INFO{}
 		if C.GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(C.GetStdHandle(C.STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE), &info) {
 			columns := int(info.srWindow.Right - info.srWindow.Left + 1)
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ pub fn get_terminal_size() (int, int) {
 // get_cursor_position returns a Coord containing the current cursor position
 pub fn get_cursor_position() Coord {
 	mut res := Coord{}
-	if is_atty(1) > 0 && os.getenv('TERM') != 'dumb' {
+	if os.is_atty(1) > 0 && os.getenv('TERM') != 'dumb' {
 		info := C.CONSOLE_SCREEN_BUFFER_INFO{}
 		if C.GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(C.GetStdHandle(C.STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE), &info) {
 			res.x = info.dwCursorPosition.X

vlib/term/ui/termios_nix.c.v

@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ fn (mut ctx Context) termios_setup() ? {
 	// store the current title, so restore_terminal_state can get it back
 	save_title()
 
-	if !ctx.cfg.skip_init_checks && !(is_atty(C.STDIN_FILENO) != 0 && is_atty(C.STDOUT_FILENO) != 0) {
+	if !ctx.cfg.skip_init_checks && !(os.is_atty(C.STDIN_FILENO) != 0 && os.is_atty(C.STDOUT_FILENO) != 0) {
 		return error('not running under a TTY')
 	}
 

vlib/v/checker/checker.v

@@ -3804,7 +3804,7 @@ fn (mut c Checker) asm_stmt(mut stmt ast.AsmStmt) {
 			stmt.pos)
 	}
 	if c.pref.backend == .js {
-		c.error('inline assembly is not supported in js backend', stmt.pos)
+		c.error('inline assembly is not supported in the js backend', stmt.pos)
 	}
 	if c.pref.backend == .c && c.pref.ccompiler_type == .msvc {
 		c.error('msvc compiler does not support inline assembly', stmt.pos)
@@ -3857,16 +3857,7 @@ fn (mut c Checker) asm_stmt(mut stmt ast.AsmStmt) {
 
 fn (mut c Checker) asm_arg(arg ast.AsmArg, stmt ast.AsmStmt, aliases []string) {
 	match mut arg {
-		ast.AsmAlias {
+		ast.AsmAlias {}
-			name := arg.name
-			if name !in aliases && name !in stmt.local_labels && name !in c.file.global_labels {
-				mut possible := aliases.clone()
-				possible << stmt.local_labels
-				possible << c.file.global_labels
-				suggestion := util.new_suggestion(name, possible)
-				c.error(suggestion.say('alias or label `$arg.name` does not exist'), arg.pos)
-			}
-		}
 		ast.AsmAddressing {
 			if arg.scale !in [-1, 1, 2, 4, 8] {
 				c.error('scale must be one of 1, 2, 4, or 8', arg.pos)
@@ -5368,7 +5359,19 @@ pub fn (mut c Checker) if_expr(mut node ast.IfExpr) ast.Type {
 			} else if !is_comptime_type_is_expr {
 				found_branch = true // If a branch wasn't skipped, the rest must be
 			}
-			if !c.skip_flags || c.pref.output_cross_c {
+			if !c.skip_flags {
+				c.stmts(branch.stmts)
+			} else if c.pref.output_cross_c {
+				mut is_freestanding_block := false
+				if branch.cond is ast.Ident {
+					if branch.cond.name == 'freestanding' {
+						is_freestanding_block = true
+					}
+				}
+				if is_freestanding_block {
+					branch.stmts = []
+					node.branches[i].stmts = []
+				}
 				c.stmts(branch.stmts)
 			} else if !is_comptime_type_is_expr {
 				node.branches[i].stmts = []
@@ -5603,7 +5606,7 @@ fn (mut c Checker) comp_if_branch(cond ast.Expr, pos token.Position) bool {
 					'glibc' { return false } // TODO
 					'prealloc' { return !c.pref.prealloc }
 					'no_bounds_checking' { return cond.name !in c.pref.compile_defines_all }
-					'freestanding' { return !c.pref.is_bare }
+					'freestanding' { return !c.pref.is_bare || c.pref.output_cross_c }
 					else { return false }
 				}
 			} else if cond.name !in c.pref.compile_defines_all {

vlib/v/checker/tests/asm_alias_does_not_exist.out

@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-vlib/v/checker/tests/asm_alias_does_not_exist.vv:2:11: error: alias or label `a` does not exist
-    1 | asm amd64 {
-    2 |     mov ebx, a
-      |              ^
-    3 | }

vlib/v/checker/tests/asm_alias_does_not_exist.vv

@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-asm amd64 {
-	mov ebx, a
-}

vlib/v/gen/c/cgen.v

@@ -392,7 +392,6 @@ pub fn (mut g Gen) init() {
 		} else {
 			g.cheaders.writeln(c_headers)
 		}
-		g.definitions.writeln('void _STR_PRINT_ARG(const char*, char**, int*, int*, int, ...);')
 		g.definitions.writeln('string _STR(const char*, int, ...);')
 		g.definitions.writeln('string _STR_TMP(const char*, ...);')
 	}
@@ -1893,7 +1892,7 @@ fn (mut g Gen) asm_arg(arg ast.AsmArg, stmt ast.AsmStmt) {
 		ast.AsmAlias {
 			name := arg.name
 			if name in stmt.local_labels || name in stmt.global_labels
-				|| name in g.file.global_labels {
+				|| name in g.file.global_labels || stmt.is_top_level {
 				asm_formatted_name := if name in stmt.global_labels { '%l[$name]' } else { name }
 				g.write(asm_formatted_name)
 			} else {
@@ -5466,7 +5465,9 @@ fn (mut g Gen) write_types(types []ast.TypeSymbol) {
 						g.type_definitions.writeln('} $name;')
 					}
 				} else {
-					g.type_definitions.writeln('typedef pthread_t $name;')
+					if !g.pref.is_bare {
+						g.type_definitions.writeln('typedef pthread_t $name;')
+					}
 				}
 			}
 			ast.SumType {

vlib/v/gen/c/cheaders.v

@@ -5,18 +5,18 @@ module c
 // for each constant, during C code generation.
 const (
 	// V_COMMIT_HASH is generated by cmd/tools/gen_vc.v .
-	c_commit_hash_default         = '
+	c_commit_hash_default           = '
 #ifndef V_COMMIT_HASH
 	#define V_COMMIT_HASH "@@@"
 #endif
 '
 	// V_CURRENT_COMMIT_HASH is updated, when V is rebuilt inside a git repo.
-	c_current_commit_hash_default = '
+	c_current_commit_hash_default   = '
 #ifndef V_CURRENT_COMMIT_HASH
 	#define V_CURRENT_COMMIT_HASH "@@@"
 #endif
 '
-	c_concurrency_helpers         = '
+	c_concurrency_helpers           = '
 typedef struct __shared_map __shared_map;
 struct __shared_map { map val; sync__RwMutex mtx; };
 static inline voidptr __dup_shared_map(voidptr src, int sz) {
@@ -47,7 +47,136 @@ static inline void __sort_ptr(uintptr_t a[], bool b[], int l)
 	}
 }
 '
-	c_common_macros               = '
+	c_str_fn_defs                   = '
+void _STR_PRINT_ARG(const char *fmt, char** refbufp, int *nbytes, int *memsize, int guess, ...) {
+	va_list args;
+	va_start(args, guess);
+	// NB: (*memsize - *nbytes) === how much free space is left at the end of the current buffer refbufp
+	// *memsize === total length of the buffer refbufp
+	// *nbytes === already occupied bytes of buffer refbufp
+	// guess === how many bytes were taken during the current vsnprintf run
+	for(;;) {
+		int remaining_space = *memsize - *nbytes;
+		if (guess < remaining_space) {
+			guess = vsnprintf(*refbufp + *nbytes, *memsize - *nbytes, fmt, args);
+			if (guess < remaining_space) { // result did fit into buffer
+				*nbytes += guess;
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+		// increase buffer (somewhat exponentially)
+		*memsize += guess + 3 * (*memsize) / 2;
+#ifdef _VGCBOEHM
+		*refbufp = (char*)GC_REALLOC((void*)*refbufp, *memsize);
+#else
+		*refbufp = (char*)realloc((void*)*refbufp, *memsize);
+#endif
+	}
+	va_end(args);
+}
+
+string _STR(const char *fmt, int nfmts, ...) {
+	va_list argptr;
+	int memsize = 128;
+	int nbytes = 0;
+#ifdef _VGCBOEHM
+	char* buf = (char*)GC_MALLOC(memsize);
+#else
+	char* buf = (char*)malloc(memsize);
+#endif
+	va_start(argptr, nfmts);
+	for (int i=0; i<nfmts; ++i) {
+		int k = strlen(fmt);
+		bool is_fspec = false;
+		for (int j=0; j<k; ++j) {
+			if (fmt[j] == \'%\') {
+				j++;
+				if (fmt[j] != \'%\') {
+					is_fspec = true;
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		if (is_fspec) {
+			char f = fmt[k-1];
+			char fup = f & 0xdf; // toupper
+			bool l = fmt[k-2] == \'l\';
+			bool ll = l && fmt[k-3] == \'l\';
+			if (f == \'u\' || fup == \'X\' || f == \'o\' || f == \'d\' || f == \'c\') { // int...
+				if (ll) _STR_PRINT_ARG(fmt, &buf, &nbytes, &memsize, k+16, va_arg(argptr, long long));
+				else if (l) _STR_PRINT_ARG(fmt, &buf, &nbytes, &memsize, k+10, va_arg(argptr, long));
+				else _STR_PRINT_ARG(fmt, &buf, &nbytes, &memsize, k+8, va_arg(argptr, int));
+			} else if (fup >= \'E\' && fup <= \'G\') { // floating point
+				_STR_PRINT_ARG(fmt, &buf, &nbytes, &memsize, k+10, va_arg(argptr, double));
+			} else if (f == \'p\') {
+				_STR_PRINT_ARG(fmt, &buf, &nbytes, &memsize, k+14, va_arg(argptr, void*));
+			} else if (f == \'C\') { // a C string
+				char* sptr = va_arg(argptr, char*);
+				char* fmt_no_c = (char*)v_malloc(k+4);
+				memcpy(fmt_no_c, fmt, k);
+				fmt_no_c[k-2]=\'C\';
+				fmt_no_c[k-1]=\'"\';
+				fmt_no_c[k]=\'%\';
+				fmt_no_c[k+1]=\'s\';
+				fmt_no_c[k+2]=\'"\';
+				fmt_no_c[k+3]=0;
+				_STR_PRINT_ARG(fmt_no_c, &buf, &nbytes, &memsize, k + 4 + 100, sptr);
+				v_free(fmt_no_c);
+			} else if (f == \'s\') { // v string
+				string s = va_arg(argptr, string);
+				if (fmt[k-4] == \'*\') { // %*.*s
+					int fwidth = va_arg(argptr, int);
+					if (fwidth < 0)
+						fwidth -= (s.len - utf8_str_visible_length(s));
+					else
+						fwidth += (s.len - utf8_str_visible_length(s));
+					_STR_PRINT_ARG(fmt, &buf, &nbytes, &memsize, k+s.len-4, fwidth, s.len, s.str);
+				} else { // %.*s
+					_STR_PRINT_ARG(fmt, &buf, &nbytes, &memsize, k+s.len-4, s.len, s.str);
+				}
+			} else {
+				//v_panic(tos3(\'Invaid format specifier\'));
+			}
+		} else {
+			_STR_PRINT_ARG(fmt, &buf, &nbytes, &memsize, k);
+		}
+		fmt += k+1;
+	}
+	va_end(argptr);
+	buf[nbytes] = 0;
+
+#ifdef DEBUG_ALLOC
+	//puts(\'_STR:\');
+	puts(buf);
+#endif
+
+#if _VAUTOFREE
+	//g_cur_str = (byteptr)buf;
+#endif
+	return tos2((byteptr)buf);
+}
+
+string _STR_TMP(const char *fmt, ...) {
+	va_list argptr;
+	va_start(argptr, fmt);
+	size_t len = vsnprintf(0, 0, fmt, argptr) + 1;
+	va_end(argptr);
+	va_start(argptr, fmt);
+	vsprintf((char *)g_str_buf, fmt, argptr);
+	va_end(argptr);
+
+#ifdef DEBUG_ALLOC
+	//puts(\'_STR_TMP:\');
+	//puts(g_str_buf);
+#endif
+	string res = tos(g_str_buf,  len);
+	res.is_lit = 1;
+	return res;
+
+} // endof _STR_TMP
+
+'
+	c_common_macros                 = '
 #define EMPTY_VARG_INITIALIZATION 0
 #define EMPTY_STRUCT_DECLARATION
 #define EMPTY_STRUCT_INITIALIZATION 0
@@ -126,12 +255,6 @@ static inline void __sort_ptr(uintptr_t a[], bool b[], int l)
 		#define V64_PRINTFORMAT "0x%llx"
 	#endif
 #endif
-'
-	c_headers                     = '
-// c_headers
-typedef int (*qsort_callback_func)(const void*, const void*);
-#include <stdio.h>  // TODO remove all these includes, define all function signatures and types manually
-#include <stdlib.h>
 
 #if defined(_WIN32) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
 	#define VV_EXPORTED_SYMBOL extern __declspec(dllexport)
@@ -167,144 +290,8 @@ typedef int (*qsort_callback_func)(const void*, const void*);
 #undef __has_include
 #endif
 
-#ifndef _WIN32
+'
-	#if defined __has_include
+	c_unsigned_comparison_functions = '
-		#if __has_include (<execinfo.h>)
-			#include <execinfo.h>
-		#else
-			// Most probably musl OR __ANDROID__ ...
-			int backtrace (void **__array, int __size) { return 0; }
-			char **backtrace_symbols (void *const *__array, int __size){ return 0; }
-			void backtrace_symbols_fd (void *const *__array, int __size, int __fd){}
-		#endif
-	#endif
-#endif
-
-//#include "fns.h"
-#include <signal.h>
-#include <stdarg.h> // for va_list
-#include <string.h> // memcpy
-
-#if INTPTR_MAX == INT32_MAX
-	#define TARGET_IS_32BIT 1
-#elif INTPTR_MAX == INT64_MAX
-	#define TARGET_IS_64BIT 1
-#else
-	#error "The environment is not 32 or 64-bit."
-#endif
-
-#if defined(__BYTE_ORDER__) && __BYTE_ORDER__ == __ORDER_BIG_ENDIAN__ || defined(__BYTE_ORDER) && __BYTE_ORDER == __BIG_ENDIAN || defined(__BIG_ENDIAN__) || defined(__ARMEB__) || defined(__THUMBEB__) || defined(__AARCH64EB__) || defined(_MIBSEB) || defined(__MIBSEB) || defined(__MIBSEB__)
-	#define TARGET_ORDER_IS_BIG
-#elif defined(__BYTE_ORDER__) && __BYTE_ORDER__ == __ORDER_LITTLE_ENDIAN__ || defined(__BYTE_ORDER) && __BYTE_ORDER == __LITTLE_ENDIAN || defined(__LITTLE_ENDIAN__) || defined(__ARMEL__) || defined(__THUMBEL__) || defined(__AARCH64EL__) || defined(_MIPSEL) || defined(__MIPSEL) || defined(__MIPSEL__) || defined(_M_AMD64) || defined(_M_X64) || defined(_M_IX86)
-	#define TARGET_ORDER_IS_LITTLE
-#else
-	#error "Unknown architecture endianness"
-#endif
-
-#ifndef _WIN32
-	#include <ctype.h>
-	#include <locale.h> // tolower
-	#include <sys/time.h>
-	#include <unistd.h> // sleep
-	extern char **environ;
-#endif
-
-#if defined(__CYGWIN__) && !defined(_WIN32)
-	#error Cygwin is not supported, please use MinGW or Visual Studio.
-#endif
-
-#ifdef __linux__
-	#include <sys/types.h>
-	#include <sys/wait.h> // os__wait uses wait on nix
-#endif
-
-#ifdef __FreeBSD__
-	#include <sys/types.h>
-	#include <sys/wait.h> // os__wait uses wait on nix
-#endif
-
-#ifdef __DragonFly__
-	#include <sys/types.h>
-	#include <sys/wait.h> // os__wait uses wait on nix
-#endif
-
-#ifdef __OpenBSD__
-	#include <sys/types.h>
-	#include <sys/resource.h>
-	#include <sys/wait.h> // os__wait uses wait on nix
-#endif
-
-#ifdef __NetBSD__
-	#include <sys/wait.h> // os__wait uses wait on nix
-#endif
-
-#ifdef __sun
-	#include <sys/types.h>
-	#include <sys/wait.h> // os__wait uses wait on nix
-#endif
-
-$c_common_macros
-
-#ifdef _WIN32
-	#define WINVER 0x0600
-	#ifdef _WIN32_WINNT
-		#undef _WIN32_WINNT
-	#endif
-	#define _WIN32_WINNT 0x0600
-	#ifndef WIN32_FULL
-	#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
-	#endif
-	#ifndef _UNICODE
-	#define _UNICODE
-	#endif
-	#ifndef UNICODE
-	#define UNICODE
-	#endif
-	#include <windows.h>
-
-	#include <io.h> // _waccess
-	#include <direct.h> // _wgetcwd
-
-	#ifdef _MSC_VER
-		// On MSVC these are the same (as long as /volatile:ms is passed)
-		#define _Atomic volatile
-
-		// MSVC cannot parse some things properly
-		#undef EMPTY_STRUCT_DECLARATION
-		#undef OPTION_CAST
-
-		#define EMPTY_STRUCT_DECLARATION int ____dummy_variable
-		#define OPTION_CAST(x)
-		#undef __NOINLINE
-		#undef __IRQHANDLER
-		#define __NOINLINE __declspec(noinline)
-		#define __IRQHANDLER __declspec(naked)
-
-		#include <dbghelp.h>
-		#pragma comment(lib, "Dbghelp")
-	#endif
-#else
-	#include <pthread.h>
-	#ifndef PTHREAD_RWLOCK_PREFER_WRITER_NONRECURSIVE_NP
-		// musl does not have that
-		#define pthread_rwlockattr_setkind_np(a, b)
-	#endif
-#endif
-
-// g_live_info is used by live.info()
-static void* g_live_info = NULL;
-
-//============================== HELPER C MACROS =============================*/
-//#define tos4(s, slen) ((string){.str=(s), .len=(slen)})
-// `"" s` is used to enforce a string literal argument
-#define _SLIT(s) ((string){.str=(byteptr)("" s), .len=(sizeof(s)-1), .is_lit=1})
-// take the address of an rvalue
-#define ADDR(type, expr) (&((type[]){expr}[0]))
-// copy something to the heap
-#define HEAP(type, expr) ((type*)memdup((void*)&((type[]){expr}[0]), sizeof(type)))
-#define _PUSH_MANY(arr, val, tmp, tmp_typ) {tmp_typ tmp = (val); array_push_many(arr, tmp.data, tmp.len);}
-#define _IN_MAP(val, m) map_exists(m, val)
-
 // unsigned/signed comparisons
 static inline bool _us32_gt(uint32_t a, int32_t b) { return a > INT32_MAX || (int32_t)a > b; }
 static inline bool _us32_ge(uint32_t a, int32_t b) { return a >= INT32_MAX || (int32_t)a >= b; }
@@ -318,32 +305,8 @@ static inline bool _us64_eq(uint64_t a, int64_t b) { return a <= INT64_MAX && (i
 static inline bool _us64_ne(uint64_t a, int64_t b) { return a > INT64_MAX || (int64_t)a != b; }
 static inline bool _us64_le(uint64_t a, int64_t b) { return a <= INT64_MAX && (int64_t)a <= b; }
 static inline bool _us64_lt(uint64_t a, int64_t b) { return a < INT64_MAX && (int64_t)a < b; }
-
+'
-#if defined(__MINGW32__) || defined(__MINGW64__) || (defined(_WIN32) && defined(__TINYC__))
+	c_wyhash                        = '
-	#undef PRId64
-	#undef PRIi64
-	#undef PRIo64
-	#undef PRIu64
-	#undef PRIx64
-	#undef PRIX64
-	#define PRId64 "lld"
-	#define PRIi64 "lli"
-	#define PRIo64 "llo"
-	#define PRIu64 "llu"
-	#define PRIx64 "llx"
-	#define PRIX64 "llX"
-#endif
-
-//================================== GLOBALS =================================*/
-//byte g_str_buf[1024];
-byte* g_str_buf;
-int load_so(byteptr);
-void reload_so();
-void _vinit(int ___argc, voidptr ___argv);
-void _vcleanup();
-#define sigaction_size sizeof(sigaction);
-#define _ARR_LEN(a) ( (sizeof(a)) / (sizeof(a[0])) )
-
 // ============== wyhash ==============
 #ifndef wyhash_final_version_3
 #define wyhash_final_version_3
@@ -363,7 +326,6 @@ void _vcleanup();
 
 //includes
 #include <stdint.h>
-#include <string.h>
 #if defined(_MSC_VER) && defined(_M_X64)
 	#include <intrin.h>
 	#pragma intrinsic(_umul128)
@@ -527,15 +489,215 @@ static inline void make_secret(uint64_t seed, uint64_t *secret){
 	}
 }
 #endif
+'
+	c_helper_macros                 = '//============================== HELPER C MACROS =============================*/
+//#define tos4(s, slen) ((string){.str=(s), .len=(slen)})
+// `"" s` is used to enforce a string literal argument
+#define _SLIT(s) ((string){.str=(byteptr)("" s), .len=(sizeof(s)-1), .is_lit=1})
+// take the address of an rvalue
+#define ADDR(type, expr) (&((type[]){expr}[0]))
+// copy something to the heap
+#define HEAP(type, expr) ((type*)memdup((void*)&((type[]){expr}[0]), sizeof(type)))
+#define _PUSH_MANY(arr, val, tmp, tmp_typ) {tmp_typ tmp = (val); array_push_many(arr, tmp.data, tmp.len);}
+#define _IN_MAP(val, m) map_exists(m, val)
+'
+	c_headers                       =
+		c_helper_macros + c_unsigned_comparison_functions + c_common_macros + r'
+// c_headers
+typedef int (*qsort_callback_func)(const void*, const void*);
+#include <stdio.h>  // TODO remove all these includes, define all function signatures and types manually
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#if defined(_WIN32) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
+	#define VV_EXPORTED_SYMBOL extern __declspec(dllexport)
+	#define VV_LOCAL_SYMBOL static
+#else
+	// 4 < gcc < 5 is used by some older Ubuntu LTS and Centos versions,
+	// and does not support __has_attribute(visibility) ...
+	#ifndef __has_attribute
+		#define __has_attribute(x) 0  // Compatibility with non-clang compilers.
+	#endif
+	#if (defined(__GNUC__) && (__GNUC__ >= 4)) || (defined(__clang__) && __has_attribute(visibility))
+		#ifdef ARM
+			#define VV_EXPORTED_SYMBOL  extern __attribute__((externally_visible,visibility("default")))
+		#else
+			#define VV_EXPORTED_SYMBOL  extern __attribute__((visibility("default")))
+		#endif
+		#define VV_LOCAL_SYMBOL  __attribute__ ((visibility ("hidden")))
+	#else
+		#define VV_EXPORTED_SYMBOL extern
+		#define VV_LOCAL_SYMBOL static
+	#endif
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__TINYC__) && defined(__has_include)
+// tcc does not support has_include properly yet, turn it off completely
+#undef __has_include
+#endif
+
+#ifndef _WIN32
+	#if defined __has_include
+		#if __has_include (<execinfo.h>)
+			#include <execinfo.h>
+		#else
+			// Most probably musl OR __ANDROID__ ...
+			int backtrace (void **__array, int __size) { return 0; }
+			char **backtrace_symbols (void *const *__array, int __size){ return 0; }
+			void backtrace_symbols_fd (void *const *__array, int __size, int __fd){}
+		#endif
+	#endif
+#endif
+
+//#include "fns.h"
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <stdarg.h> // for va_list
+
+//================================== GLOBALS =================================*/
+//byte g_str_buf[1024];
+byte* g_str_buf;
+int load_so(byteptr);
+void reload_so();
+void _vinit(int ___argc, voidptr ___argv);
+void _vcleanup();
+#define sigaction_size sizeof(sigaction);
+#define _ARR_LEN(a) ( (sizeof(a)) / (sizeof(a[0])) )
 
 void v_free(voidptr ptr);
 voidptr memdup(voidptr src, int sz);
 static voidptr memfreedup(voidptr ptr, voidptr src, int sz) {
-	v_free(ptr);
+	v_free(ptr); // heloe
 	return memdup(src, sz);
 }
-'
+
-	c_builtin_types               = '
+
+#if INTPTR_MAX == INT32_MAX
+	#define TARGET_IS_32BIT 1
+#elif INTPTR_MAX == INT64_MAX
+	#define TARGET_IS_64BIT 1
+#else
+	#error "The environment is not 32 or 64-bit."
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__BYTE_ORDER__) && __BYTE_ORDER__ == __ORDER_BIG_ENDIAN__ || defined(__BYTE_ORDER) && __BYTE_ORDER == __BIG_ENDIAN || defined(__BIG_ENDIAN__) || defined(__ARMEB__) || defined(__THUMBEB__) || defined(__AARCH64EB__) || defined(_MIBSEB) || defined(__MIBSEB) || defined(__MIBSEB__)
+	#define TARGET_ORDER_IS_BIG
+#elif defined(__BYTE_ORDER__) && __BYTE_ORDER__ == __ORDER_LITTLE_ENDIAN__ || defined(__BYTE_ORDER) && __BYTE_ORDER == __LITTLE_ENDIAN || defined(__LITTLE_ENDIAN__) || defined(__ARMEL__) || defined(__THUMBEL__) || defined(__AARCH64EL__) || defined(_MIPSEL) || defined(__MIPSEL) || defined(__MIPSEL__) || defined(_M_AMD64) || defined(_M_X64) || defined(_M_IX86)
+	#define TARGET_ORDER_IS_LITTLE
+#else
+	#error "Unknown architecture endianness"
+#endif
+
+#ifndef _WIN32
+	#include <ctype.h>
+	#include <locale.h> // tolower
+	#include <sys/time.h>
+	#include <unistd.h> // sleep
+	extern char **environ;
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__CYGWIN__) && !defined(_WIN32)
+	#error Cygwin is not supported, please use MinGW or Visual Studio.
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __linux__
+	#include <sys/types.h>
+	#include <sys/wait.h> // os__wait uses wait on nix
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __FreeBSD__
+	#include <sys/types.h>
+	#include <sys/wait.h> // os__wait uses wait on nix
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __DragonFly__
+	#include <sys/types.h>
+	#include <sys/wait.h> // os__wait uses wait on nix
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __OpenBSD__
+	#include <sys/types.h>
+	#include <sys/resource.h>
+	#include <sys/wait.h> // os__wait uses wait on nix
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __NetBSD__
+	#include <sys/wait.h> // os__wait uses wait on nix
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __sun
+	#include <sys/types.h>
+	#include <sys/wait.h> // os__wait uses wait on nix
+#endif
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+	#define WINVER 0x0600
+	#ifdef _WIN32_WINNT
+		#undef _WIN32_WINNT
+	#endif
+	#define _WIN32_WINNT 0x0600
+	#ifndef WIN32_FULL
+	#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
+	#endif
+	#ifndef _UNICODE
+	#define _UNICODE
+	#endif
+	#ifndef UNICODE
+	#define UNICODE
+	#endif
+	#include <windows.h>
+
+	#include <io.h> // _waccess
+	#include <direct.h> // _wgetcwd
+
+	#ifdef _MSC_VER
+		// On MSVC these are the same (as long as /volatile:ms is passed)
+		#define _Atomic volatile
+
+		// MSVC cannot parse some things properly
+		#undef EMPTY_STRUCT_DECLARATION
+		#undef OPTION_CAST
+
+		#define EMPTY_STRUCT_DECLARATION int ____dummy_variable
+		#define OPTION_CAST(x)
+		#undef __NOINLINE
+		#undef __IRQHANDLER
+		#define __NOINLINE __declspec(noinline)
+		#define __IRQHANDLER __declspec(naked)
+
+		#include <dbghelp.h>
+		#pragma comment(lib, "Dbghelp")
+	#endif
+#else
+	#include <pthread.h>
+	#ifndef PTHREAD_RWLOCK_PREFER_WRITER_NONRECURSIVE_NP
+		// musl does not have that
+		#define pthread_rwlockattr_setkind_np(a, b)
+	#endif
+#endif
+
+// g_live_info is used by live.info()
+static void* g_live_info = NULL;
+
+#if defined(__MINGW32__) || defined(__MINGW64__) || (defined(_WIN32) && defined(__TINYC__))
+	#undef PRId64
+	#undef PRIi64
+	#undef PRIo64
+	#undef PRIu64
+	#undef PRIx64
+	#undef PRIX64
+	#define PRId64 "lld"
+	#define PRIi64 "lli"
+	#define PRIo64 "llo"
+	#define PRIu64 "llu"
+	#define PRIx64 "llx"
+	#define PRIX64 "llX"
+#endif
+
+#ifdef _VFREESTANDING
+#undef _VFREESTANDING
+#endif
+' + c_wyhash
+	c_builtin_types                 = '
 //================================== builtin types ================================*/
 typedef int64_t i64;
 typedef int16_t i16;
@@ -569,12 +731,79 @@ typedef bool (*MapEqFn)(voidptr, voidptr);
 typedef void (*MapCloneFn)(voidptr, voidptr);
 typedef void (*MapFreeFn)(voidptr);
 '
-	bare_c_headers                = '
+	bare_c_headers                  = c_helper_macros + c_unsigned_comparison_functions +
-$c_common_macros
+		c_common_macros +
+		'
 
 #ifndef exit
 #define exit(rc) sys_exit(rc)
 void sys_exit (int);
 #endif
-'
+
+#define stdin 0
+#define stdout 1
+#define stderr 2
+
+#define _VFREESTANDING
+
+typedef long unsigned int size_t;
+
+// Memory allocation related headers
+// void *malloc(int size);
+byte *calloc(int nitems, int size);
+byte *realloc(byte *ptr, int size);
+byte *memcpy(byte *dest, byte *src, int n);
+byte *memset(byte *s, int c, int n);
+byte *memmove(byte *dest, byte *src, int n);
+
+// Backtrace headers
+int backtrace(void **buffer, int size);
+char **backtrace_symbols(void *const *buffer, int size);
+void backtrace_symbols_fd(void *const *buffer, int size, int fd);
+
+// I/O related headers
+typedef void FILE;
+FILE *popen(const char *command, const char *type);
+int pclose(FILE *stream);
+int fgetc(FILE *stream);
+char *fgets(char *s, int size, FILE *stream);
+int getc(FILE *stream);
+int getchar(void);
+int ungetc(int c, FILE *stream);
+
+
+// char manipulation headers
+int toupper(int c);
+int tolower(int c);
+// int toupper_l(int c, locale_t locale);
+// int tolower_l(int c, locale_t locale);
+
+int isatty(int fd);
+
+// varargs implementation, TODO: works on tcc and gcc, but is very unportable and hacky
+typedef __builtin_va_list va_list;
+#define va_start(a, b) __builtin_va_start(a, b)
+#define va_end(a)      __builtin_va_end(a)
+#define va_arg(a, b)   __builtin_va_arg(a, b)
+#define va_copy(a, b)  __builtin_va_copy(a, b)
+
+//================================== GLOBALS =================================*/
+//byte g_str_buf[1024];
+byte* g_str_buf;
+int load_so(byteptr);
+void reload_so();
+void _vinit(int ___argc, voidptr ___argv);
+void _vcleanup();
+#define sigaction_size sizeof(sigaction);
+#define _ARR_LEN(a) ( (sizeof(a)) / (sizeof(a[0])) )
+
+void v_free(voidptr ptr);
+voidptr memdup(voidptr src, int sz);
+static voidptr memfreedup(voidptr ptr, voidptr src, int sz) {
+	v_free(ptr); // heloe
+	return memdup(src, sz);
+}
+
+' +
+		c_wyhash
 )

vlib/v/gen/c/str.v

@@ -6,136 +6,7 @@ import v.ast
 import v.util
 
 fn (mut g Gen) write_str_fn_definitions() {
-	// _STR function can't be defined in vlib
+	g.writeln(c_str_fn_defs)
-	g.writeln('
-void _STR_PRINT_ARG(const char *fmt, char** refbufp, int *nbytes, int *memsize, int guess, ...) {
-	va_list args;
-	va_start(args, guess);
-	// NB: (*memsize - *nbytes) === how much free space is left at the end of the current buffer refbufp
-	// *memsize === total length of the buffer refbufp
-	// *nbytes === already occupied bytes of buffer refbufp
-	// guess === how many bytes were taken during the current vsnprintf run
-	for(;;) {
-		int remaining_space = *memsize - *nbytes;
-		if (guess < remaining_space) {
-			guess = vsnprintf(*refbufp + *nbytes, *memsize - *nbytes, fmt, args);
-			if (guess < remaining_space) { // result did fit into buffer
-				*nbytes += guess;
-				break;
-			}
-		}
-		// increase buffer (somewhat exponentially)
-		*memsize += guess + 3 * (*memsize) / 2;
-#ifdef _VGCBOEHM
-		*refbufp = (char*)GC_REALLOC((void*)*refbufp, *memsize);
-#else
-		*refbufp = (char*)realloc((void*)*refbufp, *memsize);
-#endif
-	}
-	va_end(args);
-}
-
-string _STR(const char *fmt, int nfmts, ...) {
-	va_list argptr;
-	int memsize = 128;
-	int nbytes = 0;
-#ifdef _VGCBOEHM
-	char* buf = (char*)GC_MALLOC(memsize);
-#else
-	char* buf = (char*)malloc(memsize);
-#endif
-	va_start(argptr, nfmts);
-	for (int i=0; i<nfmts; ++i) {
-		int k = strlen(fmt);
-		bool is_fspec = false;
-		for (int j=0; j<k; ++j) {
-			if (fmt[j] == \'%\') {
-				j++;
-				if (fmt[j] != \'%\') {
-					is_fspec = true;
-					break;
-				}
-			}
-		}
-		if (is_fspec) {
-			char f = fmt[k-1];
-			char fup = f & 0xdf; // toupper
-			bool l = fmt[k-2] == \'l\';
-			bool ll = l && fmt[k-3] == \'l\';
-			if (f == \'u\' || fup == \'X\' || f == \'o\' || f == \'d\' || f == \'c\') { // int...
-				if (ll) _STR_PRINT_ARG(fmt, &buf, &nbytes, &memsize, k+16, va_arg(argptr, long long));
-				else if (l) _STR_PRINT_ARG(fmt, &buf, &nbytes, &memsize, k+10, va_arg(argptr, long));
-				else _STR_PRINT_ARG(fmt, &buf, &nbytes, &memsize, k+8, va_arg(argptr, int));
-			} else if (fup >= \'E\' && fup <= \'G\') { // floating point
-				_STR_PRINT_ARG(fmt, &buf, &nbytes, &memsize, k+10, va_arg(argptr, double));
-			} else if (f == \'p\') {
-				_STR_PRINT_ARG(fmt, &buf, &nbytes, &memsize, k+14, va_arg(argptr, void*));
-			} else if (f == \'C\') { // a C string
-				char* sptr = va_arg(argptr, char*);
-				char* fmt_no_c = (char*)v_malloc(k+4);
-				memcpy(fmt_no_c, fmt, k);
-				fmt_no_c[k-2]=\'C\';
-				fmt_no_c[k-1]=\'"\';
-				fmt_no_c[k]=\'%\';
-				fmt_no_c[k+1]=\'s\';
-				fmt_no_c[k+2]=\'"\';
-				fmt_no_c[k+3]=0;
-				_STR_PRINT_ARG(fmt_no_c, &buf, &nbytes, &memsize, k + 4 + 100, sptr);
-				v_free(fmt_no_c);
-			} else if (f == \'s\') { // v string
-				string s = va_arg(argptr, string);
-				if (fmt[k-4] == \'*\') { // %*.*s
-					int fwidth = va_arg(argptr, int);
-					if (fwidth < 0)
-						fwidth -= (s.len - utf8_str_visible_length(s));
-					else
-						fwidth += (s.len - utf8_str_visible_length(s));
-					_STR_PRINT_ARG(fmt, &buf, &nbytes, &memsize, k+s.len-4, fwidth, s.len, s.str);
-				} else { // %.*s
-					_STR_PRINT_ARG(fmt, &buf, &nbytes, &memsize, k+s.len-4, s.len, s.str);
-				}
-			} else {
-				//v_panic(tos3(\'Invaid format specifier\'));
-			}
-		} else {
-			_STR_PRINT_ARG(fmt, &buf, &nbytes, &memsize, k);
-		}
-		fmt += k+1;
-	}
-	va_end(argptr);
-	buf[nbytes] = 0;
-
-#ifdef DEBUG_ALLOC
-	//puts(\'_STR:\');
-	puts(buf);
-#endif
-
-#if _VAUTOFREE
-	//g_cur_str = (byteptr)buf;
-#endif
-	return tos2((byteptr)buf);
-}
-
-string _STR_TMP(const char *fmt, ...) {
-	va_list argptr;
-	va_start(argptr, fmt);
-	size_t len = vsnprintf(0, 0, fmt, argptr) + 1;
-	va_end(argptr);
-	va_start(argptr, fmt);
-	vsprintf((char *)g_str_buf, fmt, argptr);
-	va_end(argptr);
-
-#ifdef DEBUG_ALLOC
-	//puts(\'_STR_TMP:\');
-	//puts(g_str_buf);
-#endif
-	string res = tos(g_str_buf,  len);
-	res.is_lit = 1;
-	return res;
-
-} // endof _STR_TMP
-
-')
 }
 
 fn (mut g Gen) string_literal(node ast.StringLiteral) {

vlib/v/parser/parser.v

@@ -916,6 +916,9 @@ fn (mut p Parser) asm_stmt(is_top_level bool) ast.AsmStmt {
 
 		mut args := []ast.AsmArg{}
 		args_loop: for {
+			if p.prev_tok.position().line_nr < p.tok.position().line_nr {
+				break
+			}
 			match p.tok.kind {
 				.name {
 					args << p.reg_or_alias()
@@ -976,6 +979,9 @@ fn (mut p Parser) asm_stmt(is_top_level bool) ast.AsmStmt {
 			} else {
 				break
 			}
+			// if p.prev_tok.position().line_nr < p.tok.position().line_nr {
+			// 	break
+			// }
 		}
 		mut comments := []ast.Comment{}
 		for p.tok.kind == .comment {

vlib/v/pref/pref.v

@@ -596,6 +596,9 @@ pub fn parse_args(known_external_commands []string, args []string) (&Preferences
 			res.path += '.v'
 		}
 	}
+	if !res.is_bare && res.bare_builtin_dir != '' {
+		eprintln('`-bare-builtin-dir` must be used with `-freestanding`')
+	}
 	if command == 'build-module' {
 		res.build_mode = .build_module
 		res.path = args[command_pos + 1]

vlib/v/pref/should_compile.v

@@ -8,9 +8,6 @@ pub fn (prefs &Preferences) should_compile_filtered_files(dir string, files_ []s
 	files.sort()
 	mut all_v_files := []string{}
 	for file in files {
-		if prefs.is_bare && os.join_path(dir, file).ends_with('/vlib/builtin/builtin_nix.c.v') {
-			continue
-		}
 		if !file.ends_with('.v') && !file.ends_with('.vh') {
 			continue
 		}
@@ -123,22 +120,22 @@ pub fn (prefs &Preferences) should_compile_c(file string) bool {
 		// Probably something like `a.js.v`.
 		return false
 	}
+	if prefs.is_bare && file.ends_with('.freestanding.v') {
+		return true
+	}
 	if prefs.os == .all {
 		return true
 	}
-	if !prefs.is_bare && file.ends_with('.freestanding.v') {
+	if prefs.backend != .x64 && file.ends_with('_x64.v') {
 		return false
 	}
-	if (file.ends_with('_windows.c.v') || file.ends_with('_windows.v')) && prefs.os != .windows {
+	if prefs.os != .windows && (file.ends_with('_windows.c.v') || file.ends_with('_windows.v')) {
 		return false
 	}
-	if (file.ends_with('_linux.c.v') || file.ends_with('_linux.v')) && prefs.os != .linux {
+	if prefs.os != .linux && (file.ends_with('_linux.c.v') || file.ends_with('_linux.v')) {
 		return false
 	}
-	if (file.ends_with('_darwin.c.v') || file.ends_with('_darwin.v')) && prefs.os != .macos {
+	if prefs.os != .macos && (file.ends_with('_darwin.c.v') || file.ends_with('_darwin.v')) {
-		return false
-	}
-	if (file.ends_with('_macos.c.v') || file.ends_with('_macos.v')) && prefs.os != .macos {
 		return false
 	}
 	if (file.ends_with('_ios.c.v') || file.ends_with('_ios.v')) && prefs.os != .ios {
@@ -147,25 +144,28 @@ pub fn (prefs &Preferences) should_compile_c(file string) bool {
 	if file.ends_with('_nix.c.v') && prefs.os == .windows {
 		return false
 	}
-	if file.ends_with('_android.c.v') && prefs.os != .android {
+	if prefs.os != .macos && (file.ends_with('_macos.c.v') || file.ends_with('_macos.v')) {
 		return false
 	}
-	if file.ends_with('_freebsd.c.v') && prefs.os != .freebsd {
+	if prefs.os == .windows && file.ends_with('_nix.c.v') {
 		return false
 	}
-	if file.ends_with('_openbsd.c.v') && prefs.os != .openbsd {
+	if prefs.os != .android && file.ends_with('_android.c.v') {
 		return false
 	}
-	if file.ends_with('_netbsd.c.v') && prefs.os != .netbsd {
+	if prefs.os != .freebsd && file.ends_with('_freebsd.c.v') {
 		return false
 	}
-	if file.ends_with('_dragonfly.c.v') && prefs.os != .dragonfly {
+	if prefs.os != .openbsd && file.ends_with('_openbsd.c.v') {
 		return false
 	}
-	if file.ends_with('_solaris.c.v') && prefs.os != .solaris {
+	if prefs.os != .netbsd && file.ends_with('_netbsd.c.v') {
 		return false
 	}
-	if file.ends_with('_x64.v') && prefs.backend != .x64 {
+	if prefs.os != .dragonfly && file.ends_with('_dragonfly.c.v') {
+		return false
+	}
+	if prefs.os != .solaris && file.ends_with('_solaris.c.v') {
 		return false
 	}
 	return true