Initial commit

.gitattributes

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+*.v linguist-language=Go
+website/* linguist-vendored

LICENSE

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+MIT License
+
+Copyright (c) 2019 Alexander Medvednikov
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.

README.md

@@ -1,3 +1,81 @@
-# Official V repository
+# The V Programming Language
 
-V is going to be open-sourced in mid 2019.
+V is going to be open-sourced in June 2019. Early access on April 15.
+
+https://vlang.io
+
+Documentation: https://vlang.io/docs
+
+Twitter: https://twitter.com/vlang_io
+
+
+ 
+
+## Fast compilation
+V compiles 1.5 million lines of code per second per CPU core
+```
+cd doom3/
+wc -l doom3.v     # 458 713
+time v doom3.v    # 0.5s
+```
+[Compilation speed benchmark and comparison with other languages.](https://vlang.io/compilation_speed)
+
+## Safety
+- No global state
+- No null
+- No undefined values
+- Option types
+- Generics
+- Immutability by default
+- Partially pure functions
+
+## C/C++ translation
+V can translate your entire C/C++ project and offer you the safety, simplicity, and up to 200x compilation speed up. 
+```
+std::vector<std::string> s;
+s.push_back("V is ");
+s.push_back("awesome");
+std::cout << s.size();
+```
+```
+s := []string 
+s << 'V is '
+s << 'awesome'
+println(s.len)
+```
+Read about translating Doom & Doom 3, LevelDB, SQLite (coming in March).	
+
+## 400 KB compiler with zero dependencies
+The entire V language and its standard library is less than 400 KB. You can build V in 0.3 seconds.
+
+
+## Performance
+- As fast as C
+- Minimal amount of allocations 
+- Built-in serialization without reflection 
+
+## Hot code reloading
+Get your changes instantly without recompiling!
+
+Since you also don't have to waste time to get to the state you are working on after every compilation, this can save a lot of precious minutes of your development time.
+
+[Demonstration of hot code reloading.](https://volt-app.com/img/lang.webm)
+
+## Simple language for building maintainable programs
+You can learn the entire language by going through the documentation in half an hour.
+
+Despite being simple, it gives a lot of power to the developer. Anything you can do in other languages, you can do in V.
+
+## REPL
+```
+ v
+ >> data := http.get('https://vlang.io/utc_now')? 
+ >> data 
+ '1551205308' 
+```
+
+## Native cross platform UI library
+Build native apps that look native. You no longer need to embed a browser to develop cross platform apps quickly.	
+
+## Run everywhere
+V can compile to (human readable) C, so you get the great platform support and optimization of gcc and Clang.

base64/base64.v

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+module base64
+
+const (
+	INDEX = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+	0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+	62, 63, 62, 62, 63, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 0, 0, 0,
+	0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16,
+	17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 0, 0, 0, 0, 63, 0, 26, 27, 28, 29,
+	30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46,
+	47, 48, 49, 50, 51]
+)
+
+fn decode(data string) string {
+	p := data.str
+	len := data.len
+	mut pad := 0
+	if len > 0 && (len % 4 != 0 || p[len - 1] == `=`) {
+		pad = 1
+	}
+	L := ((len + 3) / 4 - pad) * 4
+	str_len := L / 4 * 3 + pad
+	mut str := malloc(str_len + 2)
+	mut j := 0
+	for i := 0; i < L; i += 4 {
+		n := (INDEX[p[i]] << 18) | (INDEX[p[i + 1]] << 12) |
+			(INDEX[p[i + 2]] << 6) | (INDEX[p[i + 3]])
+		str[j] = n >> 16
+		j++
+		str[j] = n >> 8 & 0xff
+		j++
+		str[j] = n & 0xff
+		j++
+	}
+	if pad > 0 {
+		mut nn := (INDEX[p[L]] << 18) | (INDEX[p[L + 1]] << 12)
+		str[str_len - 1] = nn >> 16
+		if len > L + 2 && p[L + 2] != `=` {
+			nn = nn | (INDEX[p[L + 2]] << 6)
+			str[str_len] = nn >> 8 & 0xff
+		}
+	}
+	str[str_len + 1] = `\0`
+	return string(str)
+}
+

base64/base64_test.v

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+import base64
+
+fn test_decode() {
+	assert base64.decode('TWFuIGlzIGRpc3Rpbmd1aXNoZWQsIG5vdCBvbmx5IGJ5IGhpcyByZWFzb24sIGJ1dCBieSB0aGlzIHNpbmd1bGFyIHBhc3Npb24gZnJvbSBvdGhlciBhbmltYWxzLCB3aGljaCBpcyBhIGx1c3Qgb2YgdGhlIG1pbmQsIHRoYXQgYnkgYSBwZXJzZXZlcmFuY2Ugb2YgZGVsaWdodCBpbiB0aGUgY29udGludWVkIGFuZCBpbmRlZmF0aWdhYmxlIGdlbmVyYXRpb24gb2Yga25vd2xlZGdlLCBleGNlZWRzIHRoZSBzaG9ydCB2ZWhlbWVuY2Ugb2YgYW55IGNhcm5hbCBwbGVhc3VyZS4=')
+	== 'Man is distinguished, not only by his reason, but by this singular passion from other animals, which is a lust of the mind, that by a perseverance of delight in the continued and indefatigable generation of knowledge, exceeds the short vehemence of any carnal pleasure.'
+}
+
+

examples/concurrent_news_fetcher.v

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+// Please share your thoughts, suggestions, questions, etc here:
+// https://github.com/vlang-io/V/issues/3
+// I'm very interested in your feedback.
+import http
+import json
+import runtime
+
+struct Story {
+        title string
+}
+
+// Fetches top HN stories in 8 coroutines
+fn main() {
+        resp := http.get('https://hacker-news.firebaseio.com/v0/topstories.json')?
+        ids := json.decode([]int, resp.body)?
+        mut cursor := 0
+        for _ in 0..8 {
+                go fn() {
+                        for  {
+                                lock { // Without this lock the program will not compile
+                                        if cursor >= ids.len {
+                                                break
+                                        }
+                                        id := ids[cursor]
+                                        cursor++
+                                }
+                                url := 'https://hacker-news.firebaseio.com/v0/item/$id.json'
+                                resp := http.get(url)?
+                                story := json.decode(Story, resp.body)?
+                                println(story.title)
+                        }
+                }()
+        }
+        runtime.wait() // Waits for all coroutines to finish
+}

examples/generic_repository.v

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+// Please share your thoughts, suggestions, questions, etc here:
+// https://github.com/vlang-io/V/issues/3
+
+// I'm very interested in your feedback.
+
+module main
+
+struct User { /* ... */ }
+struct Post { /* ... */ }
+struct DB   { /* ... */ }
+
+struct Repo <T> {
+	db DB
+}
+
+// Generic code is notoriously verbose. To reduce clutter, V doesn't require you 
+// to add `<T>` every time, since it already knows that Repo is a generic type.
+fn new_repo<T>(db DB) Repo {
+	return Repo<T>{db: db}
+}
+
+// This is a generic function. V will generate it for every type it's used with.
+fn (r Repo) find_by_id(id int) T? { // `?` means the function returns an optional
+	table_name := T.name // in this example getting the name of the type gives us the table name
+	return r.db.query_one<T>('select * from $table_name where id = ?', id)
+}
+
+fn main() {
+	db := new_db()
+	users_repo := new_repo<User>(db)
+	// I'm also considering passing the type as an argument
+	// users_repo := new_repo(User, db)
+	posts_repo := new_repo<Post>(db)
+	user := users_repo.find_by_id(1) or {
+		eprintln('User not found')
+		return
+	}
+	post := posts_repo.find_by_id(1) or {
+		eprintln('Post not found')
+		return
+	}
+}

examples/hello_world_gui.v

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+// Please share your thoughts, suggestions, questions, etc here:
+// https://github.com/vlang-io/V/issues/3
+
+// I'm very interested in your feedback.
+
+module main
+
+import ui  // Native cross platform ui toolkit (uses Cocoa, win32, GTK+)  
+
+// There are no globals, so we have to use a context struct 
+struct Context {
+    input ui.TextBox // this uses native controls (NSTextView on macOS, edit HWND on Windows)  
+    names []string   // let's log the names to demonstrate how arrays work  
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    wnd := ui.new_window(ui.WindowCfg{  // V has no default arguments and overloading. 
+        width:  600                     // All stdlib functions with many args use Cfg wrappers.
+        height: 300 
+        title:  'hello world' 
+    }) 
+    ctx := Context{
+        input: ui.new_textbox(wnd) 
+        // we don't need to initialize the names array, it's done automatically  
+    }
+    ctx.input.set_placeholder('Enter your name')
+    btn := ui.new_button(wnd, 'Click me', ctx.btn_click)
+    for {
+        ui.wait_events()
+    }
+}
+
+fn (ctx mut Context) btn_click() { 
+    name := ctx.input.text()
+    ctx.input.hide()
+    println('current list of names: $ctx.names')  // >> current list of names: [ "Bob", "Alex" ] 
+    ui.alert('Hello, $name!')
+    if ctx.names.contains(name) {
+        ui.alert('I already greeted you ;)') 
+    } 
+    ctx.names << name 
+}

examples/users.v

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+// Please share your thoughts, suggestions, questions, etc here:
+// https://github.com/vlang-io/V/issues/3
+
+// I'm very interested in your feedback.
+
+module main
+
+import json // V will automatically insert missing imports (like the goimports tool)
+import http
+
+// Right now V requires all consts to be uppercase.
+// I'm still not certain about this.
+const API_URL = 'https://vlang.io/users.json'
+
+// V will generate json.encode and json.decode functions for this type since
+// `json.decode([]User, ...)` is called later. This results in better
+// performance, since reflection is not used.
+struct User {
+	name          string // V will automatically format and align your code.
+	age           int    // No need to use an additional tool.
+	is_registered bool
+}
+
+fn main() {
+	// `http.get()` returns an optional string.
+	// V optionals combine the features of Rust's Option<T> and Result<T>.
+	// We must unwrap all optionals with `or`, otherwise V will complain.
+	s := http.get(API_URL) or {
+		// `err` is a reserved variable (not a global) that
+		// contains an error message if there is one
+		eprintln('Failed to fetch "users.json": $err')
+		// `or` blocks must end with `return`, `break`, or `continue`
+		return
+	}
+	// Types can be passed as arguments
+	users := json.decode([]User, s) or {
+		eprintln('Failed to parse users.json')
+		return
+	}
+	// Encoding JSON doesn't require a type, since V knows what type
+	// the variable `users` has
+	println(json.encode(users))
+	// Please note the difference between V and Go:
+	// when there's only one variable, it's a value, not an index.
+	for user in users {
+		println('$user.name: $user.age')
+	}
+	// `for` loop has an alternative form when an index is required:
+	for i, user in users {
+		println('$i) $user')
+		if !user.can_register() {
+			// V allows both ' and " to denote strings.
+			// However, for consistency V will replace " with '
+			// unless the string contains an apostrophe.
+			println("Can't register")
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// The method declaration is the same as in Go.
+// There is one big difference. Here `u` can be either passed by value (User)
+// or by reference (&User). The compiler will make the right decision
+// depending on the size of the User struct. You no longer have to remember
+// which one to use. It works here because `u` can't be modified (it's not
+// marked as `mut`).
+fn (u User) can_register() bool {
+	return u.age >= 16
+}
+
+// Here `u` can be modified and it will always be a reference.
+fn (u mut User) register() {
+	u.is_registered = true
+}