Merge branch 'master' of https://github.com/vlang/v into add-rsa

.github/workflows/paths_ci.yml

@@ -55,6 +55,9 @@ jobs:
           cd '${{env.MY_V_PATH}}'
           ls -la
           make
+          ## prebuild cmd/tools/builders/js_builder, to minimise the
+          ## chances of a sporadic "Killed" when running the tests later
+          ./v -b js run examples/hello_world.v
       - name: v doctor
         run: |
           cd '${{env.MY_V_PATH}}'

cmd/tools/vcheck-md.v

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ const (
 	hide_warnings                  = '-hide-warnings' in os.args || '-w' in os.args
 	show_progress                  = os.getenv('GITHUB_JOB') == '' && '-silent' !in os.args
 	non_option_args                = cmdline.only_non_options(os.args[2..])
+	is_verbose                     = os.getenv('VERBOSE') != ''
 )
 
 struct CheckResult {
@@ -75,7 +76,7 @@ fn main() {
 		res += mdfile.check()
 	}
 	if res.errors == 0 && show_progress {
-		term.clear_previous_line()
+		clear_previous_line()
 	}
 	if res.warnings > 0 || res.errors > 0 || res.oks > 0 {
 		println('\nWarnings: $res.warnings | Errors: $res.errors | OKs: $res.oks')
@@ -131,9 +132,7 @@ fn eline(file_path string, lnumber int, column int, message string) string {
 	return btext('$file_path:${lnumber + 1}:${column + 1}:') + btext(rtext(' error: $message'))
 }
 
-const (
+const default_command = 'compile'
-	default_command = 'compile'
-)
 
 struct VCodeExample {
 mut:
@@ -160,7 +159,7 @@ mut:
 
 fn (mut f MDFile) progress(message string) {
 	if show_progress {
-		term.clear_previous_line()
+		clear_previous_line()
 		println('File: ${f.path:-30s}, Lines: ${f.lines.len:5}, $message')
 	}
 }
@@ -394,6 +393,7 @@ fn (mut f MDFile) debug() {
 }
 
 fn cmdexecute(cmd string) int {
+	verbose_println(cmd)
 	res := os.execute(cmd)
 	if res.exit_code < 0 {
 		return 1
@@ -405,6 +405,7 @@ fn cmdexecute(cmd string) int {
 }
 
 fn silent_cmdexecute(cmd string) int {
+	verbose_println(cmd)
 	res := os.execute(cmd)
 	return res.exit_code
 }
@@ -426,6 +427,7 @@ fn (mut f MDFile) check_examples() CheckResult {
 		}
 		fname := os.base(f.path).replace('.md', '_md')
 		uid := rand.ulid()
+		cfile := os.join_path(os.temp_dir(), '${uid}.c')
 		vfile := os.join_path(os.temp_dir(), 'check_${fname}_example_${e.sline}__${e.eline}__${uid}.v')
 		mut should_cleanup_vfile := true
 		// eprintln('>>> checking example $vfile ...')
@@ -438,8 +440,7 @@ fn (mut f MDFile) check_examples() CheckResult {
 			fmt_res := if nofmt { 0 } else { get_fmt_exit_code(vfile, vexe) }
 			match command {
 				'compile' {
-					res := cmdexecute('${os.quoted_path(vexe)} -w -Wfatal-errors -o x.c ${os.quoted_path(vfile)}')
+					res := cmdexecute('${os.quoted_path(vexe)} -w -Wfatal-errors ${os.quoted_path(vfile)}')
-					os.rm('x.c') or {}
 					if res != 0 || fmt_res != 0 {
 						if res != 0 {
 							eprintln(eline(f.path, e.sline, 0, 'example failed to compile'))
@@ -454,9 +455,26 @@ fn (mut f MDFile) check_examples() CheckResult {
 					}
 					oks++
 				}
+				'cgen' {
+					res := cmdexecute('${os.quoted_path(vexe)} -w -Wfatal-errors -o ${os.quoted_path(cfile)} ${os.quoted_path(vfile)}')
+					os.rm(cfile) or {}
+					if res != 0 || fmt_res != 0 {
+						if res != 0 {
+							eprintln(eline(f.path, e.sline, 0, 'example failed to generate C code'))
+						}
+						if fmt_res != 0 {
+							eprintln(eline(f.path, e.sline, 0, 'example is not formatted'))
+						}
+						eprintln(vcontent)
+						should_cleanup_vfile = false
+						errors++
+						continue
+					}
+					oks++
+				}
 				'globals' {
-					res := cmdexecute('${os.quoted_path(vexe)} -w -Wfatal-errors -enable-globals -o x.c ${os.quoted_path(vfile)}')
+					res := cmdexecute('${os.quoted_path(vexe)} -w -Wfatal-errors -enable-globals -o ${os.quoted_path(cfile)} ${os.quoted_path(vfile)}')
-					os.rm('x.c') or {}
+					os.rm(cfile) or {}
 					if res != 0 || fmt_res != 0 {
 						if res != 0 {
 							eprintln(eline(f.path, e.sline, 0, '`example failed to compile with -enable-globals'))
@@ -472,7 +490,8 @@ fn (mut f MDFile) check_examples() CheckResult {
 					oks++
 				}
 				'live' {
-					res := cmdexecute('${os.quoted_path(vexe)} -w -Wfatal-errors -live -o x.c ${os.quoted_path(vfile)}')
+					res := cmdexecute('${os.quoted_path(vexe)} -w -Wfatal-errors -live -o ${os.quoted_path(cfile)} ${os.quoted_path(vfile)}')
+					os.rm(cfile) or {}
 					if res != 0 || fmt_res != 0 {
 						if res != 0 {
 							eprintln(eline(f.path, e.sline, 0, 'example failed to compile with -live'))
@@ -488,8 +507,8 @@ fn (mut f MDFile) check_examples() CheckResult {
 					oks++
 				}
 				'failcompile' {
-					res := silent_cmdexecute('${os.quoted_path(vexe)} -w -Wfatal-errors -o x.c ${os.quoted_path(vfile)}')
+					res := silent_cmdexecute('${os.quoted_path(vexe)} -w -Wfatal-errors -o ${os.quoted_path(cfile)} ${os.quoted_path(vfile)}')
-					os.rm('x.c') or {}
+					os.rm(cfile) or {}
 					if res == 0 || fmt_res != 0 {
 						if res == 0 {
 							eprintln(eline(f.path, e.sline, 0, '`failcompile` example compiled'))
@@ -533,7 +552,7 @@ fn (mut f MDFile) check_examples() CheckResult {
 				}
 				'nofmt' {}
 				else {
-					eprintln(eline(f.path, e.sline, 0, 'unrecognized command: "$command", use one of: wip/ignore/compile/failcompile/oksyntax/badsyntax'))
+					eprintln(eline(f.path, e.sline, 0, 'unrecognized command: "$command", use one of: wip/ignore/compile/cgen/failcompile/oksyntax/badsyntax/nofmt'))
 					should_cleanup_vfile = false
 					errors++
 				}
@@ -548,3 +567,16 @@ fn (mut f MDFile) check_examples() CheckResult {
 		oks: oks
 	}
 }
+
+fn verbose_println(message string) {
+	if is_verbose {
+		println(message)
+	}
+}
+
+fn clear_previous_line() {
+	if is_verbose {
+		return
+	}
+	term.clear_previous_line()
+}

cmd/tools/vfmt.v

@@ -259,7 +259,15 @@ fn (foptions &FormatOptions) post_process_file(file string, formatted_file_path
 				file_bak := '${file}.bak'
 				os.cp(file, file_bak) or {}
 			}
+			mut perms_to_restore := u32(0)
+			$if !windows {
+				fm := os.inode(file)
+				perms_to_restore = fm.bitmask()
+			}
 			os.mv_by_cp(formatted_file_path, file) or { panic(err) }
+			$if !windows {
+				os.chmod(file, int(perms_to_restore)) or { panic(err) }
+			}
 			eprintln('Reformatted file: $file')
 		} else {
 			eprintln('Already formatted file: $file')

cmd/v/help/check-md.txt

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ Flags:
 NB: There are several special keywords, which you can put after the code fences for v.
 These are:
 	compile      - Default, can be omitted. The example will be compiled and formatting is verified.
+	cgen         - The example produces C code, which may not be compilable (when external libs are not installed). Formatting is verified.
 	live         - Compile hot reload examples with the ´-live´ flag set and verify formatting.
 	ignore       - Ignore the example, useful for examples that just use the syntax highlighting
 	failcompile  - Known failing compilation. Useful for examples demonstrating compiler errors.

doc/docs.md

@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ For more details and troubleshooting, please visit the [vab GitHub repository](h
 
 <!--
 NB: there are several special keywords, which you can put after the code fences for v:
-compile, live, ignore, failcompile, oksyntax, badsyntax, wip, nofmt
+compile, cgen, live, ignore, failcompile, oksyntax, badsyntax, wip, nofmt
 For more details, do: `v check-md`
 -->
 
@@ -1393,7 +1393,7 @@ println(s)
 You can check the current type of a sum type using `is` and its negated form `!is`.
 
 You can do it either in an `if`:
-```v
+```v cgen
 struct Abc {
 	val string
 }
@@ -2789,38 +2789,52 @@ For more information, see [Dynamic casts](#dynamic-casts).
 
 #### Interface method definitions
 
-Also unlike Go, an interface may implement a method.
+Also unlike Go, an interface can have it's own methods, similar to how
-These methods are not implemented by structs which implement that interface.
+structs can have their methods. These 'interface methods' do not have
+to be implemented, by structs which implement that interface.
+They are just a convenient way to write `i.some_function()` instead of
+`some_function(i)`, similar to how struct methods can be looked at, as
+a convenience for writing `s.xyz()` instead of `xyz(s)`.
 
-When a struct is wrapped in an interface that has implemented a method
+N.B. This feature is NOT a "default implementation" like in C#.
-with the same name as one implemented by this struct, only the method
+
-implemented on the interface is called.
+For example, if a struct `cat` is wrapped in an interface `a`, that has
+implemented a method with the same name `speak`, as a method implemented by 
+the struct, and you do `a.speak()`, *only* the interface method is called:
 
 ```v
-struct Cat {}
-
-fn (c Cat) speak() string {
-	return 'meow!'
-}
-
 interface Adoptable {}
 
 fn (a Adoptable) speak() string {
 	return 'adopt me!'
 }
 
-fn new_adoptable() Adoptable {
+struct Cat {}
-	return Cat{}
+
+fn (c Cat) speak() string {
+	return 'meow!'
 }
 
+struct Dog {}
+
 fn main() {
 	cat := Cat{}
-	assert cat.speak() == 'meow!'
+	assert dump(cat.speak()) == 'meow!'
-	a := new_adoptable()
+	//
-	assert a.speak() == 'adopt me!'
+	a := Adoptable(cat)
+	assert dump(a.speak()) == 'adopt me!' // call Adoptable's `speak`
 	if a is Cat {
-		println(a.speak()) // meow!
+		// Inside this `if` however, V knows that `a` is not just any
+		// kind of Adoptable, but actually a Cat, so it will use the
+		// Cat `speak`, NOT the Adoptable `speak`:
+		dump(a.speak()) // meow!
 	}
+	//
+	b := Adoptable(Dog{})
+	assert dump(b.speak()) == 'adopt me!' // call Adoptable's `speak`
+	// if b is Dog {
+	// 	dump(b.speak()) // error: unknown method or field: Dog.speak
+	// }
 }
 ```
 
@@ -5102,40 +5116,42 @@ For all supported options check the latest help:
 
 #### `$if` condition
 ```v
-// Support for multiple conditions in one branch
+fn main() {
-$if ios || android {
+	// Support for multiple conditions in one branch
-	println('Running on a mobile device!')
+	$if ios || android {
-}
+		println('Running on a mobile device!')
-$if linux && x64 {
+	}
-	println('64-bit Linux.')
+	$if linux && x64 {
-}
+		println('64-bit Linux.')
-// Usage as expression
+	}
-os := $if windows { 'Windows' } $else { 'UNIX' }
+	// Usage as expression
-println('Using $os')
+	os := $if windows { 'Windows' } $else { 'UNIX' }
-// $else-$if branches
+	println('Using $os')
-$if tinyc {
+	// $else-$if branches
-	println('tinyc')
+	$if tinyc {
-} $else $if clang {
+		println('tinyc')
-	println('clang')
+	} $else $if clang {
-} $else $if gcc {
+		println('clang')
-	println('gcc')
+	} $else $if gcc {
-} $else {
+		println('gcc')
-	println('different compiler')
+	} $else {
-}
+		println('different compiler')
-$if test {
+	}
-	println('testing')
+	$if test {
-}
+		println('testing')
-// v -cg ...
+	}
-$if debug {
+	// v -cg ...
-	println('debugging')
+	$if debug {
-}
+		println('debugging')
-// v -prod ...
+	}
-$if prod {
+	// v -prod ...
-	println('production build')
+	$if prod {
-}
+		println('production build')
-// v -d option ...
+	}
-$if option ? {
+	// v -d option ...
-	println('custom option')
+	$if option ? {
+		println('custom option')
+	}
 }
 ```
 

vlib/builtin/array.v

@@ -204,7 +204,9 @@ pub fn (mut a array) insert(i int, val voidptr) {
 			panic('array.insert: index out of range (i == $i, a.len == $a.len)')
 		}
 	}
-	a.ensure_cap(a.len + 1)
+	if a.len >= a.cap {
+		a.ensure_cap(a.len + 1)
+	}
 	unsafe {
 		vmemmove(a.get_unsafe(i + 1), a.get_unsafe(i), (a.len - i) * a.element_size)
 		a.set_unsafe(i, val)
@@ -569,7 +571,9 @@ fn (mut a array) set(i int, val voidptr) {
 }
 
 fn (mut a array) push(val voidptr) {
-	a.ensure_cap(a.len + 1)
+	if a.len >= a.cap {
+		a.ensure_cap(a.len + 1)
+	}
 	unsafe { vmemmove(&byte(a.data) + a.element_size * a.len, val, a.element_size) }
 	a.len++
 }
@@ -578,16 +582,15 @@ fn (mut a array) push(val voidptr) {
 // `val` is array.data and user facing usage is `a << [1,2,3]`
 [unsafe]
 pub fn (mut a3 array) push_many(val voidptr, size int) {
+	a3.ensure_cap(a3.len + size)
 	if a3.data == val && !isnil(a3.data) {
 		// handle `arr << arr`
 		copy := a3.clone()
-		a3.ensure_cap(a3.len + size)
 		unsafe {
 			// vmemcpy(a.data, copy.data, copy.element_size * copy.len)
 			vmemcpy(a3.get_unsafe(a3.len), copy.data, a3.element_size * size)
 		}
 	} else {
-		a3.ensure_cap(a3.len + size)
 		if !isnil(a3.data) && !isnil(val) {
 			unsafe { vmemcpy(a3.get_unsafe(a3.len), val, a3.element_size * size) }
 		}

vlib/builtin/js/array_test.js.v

@@ -1166,7 +1166,9 @@ fn test_array_int_pop() {
 	assert a.len == 3
 	assert z == 4
 	x1 := a.pop()
+	println(x1)
 	x2 := a.pop()
+	println(x2)
 	final := a.pop()
 	assert final == 1
 }

vlib/builtin/js/int_test.js.v

@@ -99,6 +99,7 @@ fn test_hex() {
 	b := 1234
 	assert b.hex() == '4d2'
 	b1 := -1
+	println(b1)
 	// assert b1.hex() == 'ffffffff'
 	// unsigned tests
 	// assert u8(12).hex() == '0c'

vlib/builtin/js/map_test.js.v

@@ -372,6 +372,9 @@ fn test_map_assign() {
 		'r': u16(6)
 		's': 5
 	}}
+	println(a)
+	println(b)
+	println(c)
 }
 
 fn test_postfix_op_directly() {

vlib/builtin/js/string_test.js.v

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import strings
+// import strings
 
 // Copyright (c) 2019-2022 Alexander Medvednikov. All rights reserved.
 // Use of this source code is governed by an MIT license
@@ -636,6 +636,7 @@ fn test_for_loop_two() {
 
 fn test_quote() {
 	a := `'`
+	println(a)
 	println('testing double quotes')
 	b := 'hi'
 	assert b == 'hi'
@@ -727,6 +728,7 @@ fn test_raw() {
 
 fn test_raw_with_quotes() {
 	raw := r"some'" + r'"thing' // " should be escaped in the generated C code
+	println(raw)
 	// assert raw[0] == `s`
 	// assert raw[5] == `"`
 	// assert raw[6] == `t`

vlib/gg/README.md

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ user's keyboard/mouse input.
 
 ## Example:
 
-```v
+```v cgen
 module main
 
 import gg

vlib/os/inode.c.v

@@ -20,6 +20,22 @@ pub:
 	execute bool
 }
 
+// bitmask returns a 3 bit sequence in the order RWE where
+// the bit is set to 1 if the value is true or 0 otherwise.
+pub fn (p FilePermission) bitmask() u32 {
+	mut mask := u32(0)
+	if p.read {
+		mask |= 4
+	}
+	if p.write {
+		mask |= 2
+	}
+	if p.execute {
+		mask |= 1
+	}
+	return mask
+}
+
 struct FileMode {
 pub:
 	typ    FileType
@@ -28,6 +44,12 @@ pub:
 	others FilePermission
 }
 
+// bitmask returns a 9 bit sequence in the order owner + group + others.
+// This is a valid bitmask to use with `os.chmod`.
+pub fn (m FileMode) bitmask() u32 {
+	return m.owner.bitmask() << 6 | m.group.bitmask() << 3 | m.others.bitmask()
+}
+
 // inode returns the mode of the file/inode containing inode type and permission information
 // it supports windows for regular files but it doesn't matter if you use owner, group or others when checking permissions on windows
 pub fn inode(path string) FileMode {

vlib/os/inode_test.v

@@ -41,3 +41,16 @@ fn test_inode_file_owner_permission() {
 	assert mode.owner.write
 	assert !mode.owner.execute
 }
+
+fn test_inode_file_permissions_bitmask() {
+	if user_os() == 'windows' {
+		println('> skipping ${@FN} on windows')
+		return
+	}
+	filename := './test3.txt'
+	mut file := open_file(filename, 'w', 0o641) or { return }
+	file.close()
+	mode := inode(filename)
+	rm(filename) or {}
+	assert mode.bitmask() == 0o641
+}

vlib/regex/regex.v

@@ -2024,6 +2024,11 @@ pub fn (mut re RE) match_base(in_txt &byte, in_txt_len int) (int, int) {
 
 					re.prog[state.pc].group_rep++ // increase repetitions
 					// println("GROUP $group_index END ${re.prog[state.pc].group_rep}")
+					if re.prog[state.pc].group_rep > in_txt_len - 1 {
+						m_state = .ist_quant_ng
+						continue
+					}
+
 					m_state = .ist_quant_pg
 					continue
 				}

vlib/regex/regex_test.v

@@ -160,6 +160,11 @@ match_test_suite = [
     TestItem{"a", r"\S+",0,1},
     TestItem{"aaaa", r"\S+",0,4},
     TestItem{"aaaa ", r"\S+",0,4},
+
+    // multiple dot char
+    TestItem{"aba", r"a*(b*)*a",0,3},
+    TestItem{"/*x*/", r"/\**(.*)\**/",0,5},
+    TestItem{"/*x*/", r"/*(.*)*/",0,5},
 ]
 )
 
@@ -591,6 +596,21 @@ fn test_regex_func(){
 	}
 }
 
+fn my_repl_1(re regex.RE, in_txt string, start int, end int) string {
+	s0 := re.get_group_by_id(in_txt,0)
+	println("[$start, $end] => ${s0}")
+	return "a" + s0.to_upper()
+}
+
+fn test_regex_func_replace1(){
+	txt := "abbabbbabbbbaabba"
+	query := r"a(b+)"
+	mut re := regex.regex_opt(query) or { panic(err) }
+	result := re.replace_by_fn(txt, my_repl_1)
+
+	assert result == "aBBaBBBaBBBBaaBBa"
+}
+
 fn my_repl(re regex.RE, in_txt string, start int, end int) string {
 	s0 := re.get_group_by_id(in_txt,0)[0..1] + "X"
 	s1 := re.get_group_by_id(in_txt,1)[0..1] + "X"
@@ -598,7 +618,6 @@ fn my_repl(re regex.RE, in_txt string, start int, end int) string {
 	return "${s0}${s1}${s2}"
 }
 
-
 // test regex replace function
 fn test_regex_func_replace(){
 	filler := "E il primo dei tre regni dell'Oltretomba cristiano visitato da Dante nel corso del viaggio, con la guida di Virgilio."

vlib/regex/regex_util.v

@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ pub fn (mut re RE) find(in_txt string) (int, int) {
 [direct_array_access]
 pub fn (mut re RE) find_from(in_txt string, start int) (int, int) {
 	old_flag := re.flag
-	re.flag |= f_src // enable search mode
+	// re.flag |= f_src // enable search mode
 
 	mut i := start
 	if i < 0 {

vlib/sokol/README.md

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ Each `.h` file in the sokol source code is well-documented as can be seen here:
 
 ## Example from `@VROOTDIR/examples/sokol/sounds/simple_sin_tones.v`:
 
-```v
+```v cgen
 import time
 import math
 import sokol.audio

vlib/v/ast/table.v

@@ -446,6 +446,18 @@ pub fn (t &Table) find_method_with_embeds(sym &TypeSymbol, method_name string) ?
 	}
 }
 
+pub fn (t &Table) get_embed_methods(sym &TypeSymbol) []Fn {
+	mut methods := []Fn{}
+	if sym.info is Struct {
+		for embed in sym.info.embeds {
+			embed_sym := t.sym(embed)
+			methods << embed_sym.methods
+			methods << t.get_embed_methods(embed_sym)
+		}
+	}
+	return methods
+}
+
 fn (t &Table) register_aggregate_field(mut sym TypeSymbol, name string) ?StructField {
 	if sym.kind != .aggregate {
 		t.panic('Unexpected type symbol: $sym.kind')
@@ -1428,7 +1440,11 @@ pub fn (mut t Table) resolve_generic_to_concrete(generic_type Type, generic_name
 		if typ == 0 {
 			return none
 		}
-		return typ.derive_add_muls(generic_type).clear_flag(.generic)
+		if typ.has_flag(.generic) {
+			return typ.derive_add_muls(generic_type).set_flag(.generic)
+		} else {
+			return typ.derive_add_muls(generic_type).clear_flag(.generic)
+		}
 	}
 	match mut sym.info {
 		Array {
@@ -1443,7 +1459,11 @@ pub fn (mut t Table) resolve_generic_to_concrete(generic_type Type, generic_name
 			}
 			if typ := t.resolve_generic_to_concrete(elem_type, generic_names, concrete_types) {
 				idx := t.find_or_register_array_with_dims(typ, dims)
-				return new_type(idx).derive_add_muls(generic_type).clear_flag(.generic)
+				if typ.has_flag(.generic) {
+					return new_type(idx).derive_add_muls(generic_type).set_flag(.generic)
+				} else {
+					return new_type(idx).derive_add_muls(generic_type).clear_flag(.generic)
+				}
 			}
 		}
 		ArrayFixed {
@@ -1451,7 +1471,11 @@ pub fn (mut t Table) resolve_generic_to_concrete(generic_type Type, generic_name
 				concrete_types)
 			{
 				idx := t.find_or_register_array_fixed(typ, sym.info.size, None{})
-				return new_type(idx).derive_add_muls(generic_type).clear_flag(.generic)
+				if typ.has_flag(.generic) {
+					return new_type(idx).derive_add_muls(generic_type).set_flag(.generic)
+				} else {
+					return new_type(idx).derive_add_muls(generic_type).clear_flag(.generic)
+				}
 			}
 		}
 		Chan {
@@ -1459,16 +1483,24 @@ pub fn (mut t Table) resolve_generic_to_concrete(generic_type Type, generic_name
 				concrete_types)
 			{
 				idx := t.find_or_register_chan(typ, typ.nr_muls() > 0)
-				return new_type(idx).derive_add_muls(generic_type).clear_flag(.generic)
+				if typ.has_flag(.generic) {
+					return new_type(idx).derive_add_muls(generic_type).set_flag(.generic)
+				} else {
+					return new_type(idx).derive_add_muls(generic_type).clear_flag(.generic)
+				}
 			}
 		}
 		FnType {
 			mut func := sym.info.func
+			mut has_generic := false
 			if func.return_type.has_flag(.generic) {
 				if typ := t.resolve_generic_to_concrete(func.return_type, generic_names,
 					concrete_types)
 				{
 					func.return_type = typ
+					if typ.has_flag(.generic) {
+						has_generic = true
+					}
 				}
 			}
 			func.params = func.params.clone()
@@ -1478,12 +1510,19 @@ pub fn (mut t Table) resolve_generic_to_concrete(generic_type Type, generic_name
 						concrete_types)
 					{
 						param.typ = typ
+						if typ.has_flag(.generic) {
+							has_generic = true
+						}
 					}
 				}
 			}
 			func.name = ''
 			idx := t.find_or_register_fn_type('', func, true, false)
-			return new_type(idx).derive_add_muls(generic_type).clear_flag(.generic)
+			if has_generic {
+				return new_type(idx).derive_add_muls(generic_type).set_flag(.generic)
+			} else {
+				return new_type(idx).derive_add_muls(generic_type).clear_flag(.generic)
+			}
 		}
 		MultiReturn {
 			mut types := []Type{}
@@ -1498,7 +1537,11 @@ pub fn (mut t Table) resolve_generic_to_concrete(generic_type Type, generic_name
 			}
 			if type_changed {
 				idx := t.find_or_register_multi_return(types)
-				return new_type(idx).derive_add_muls(generic_type).clear_flag(.generic)
+				if types.any(it.has_flag(.generic)) {
+					return new_type(idx).derive_add_muls(generic_type).set_flag(.generic)
+				} else {
+					return new_type(idx).derive_add_muls(generic_type).clear_flag(.generic)
+				}
 			}
 		}
 		Map {
@@ -1519,7 +1562,11 @@ pub fn (mut t Table) resolve_generic_to_concrete(generic_type Type, generic_name
 			}
 			if type_changed {
 				idx := t.find_or_register_map(unwrapped_key_type, unwrapped_value_type)
-				return new_type(idx).derive_add_muls(generic_type).clear_flag(.generic)
+				if unwrapped_key_type.has_flag(.generic) || unwrapped_value_type.has_flag(.generic) {
+					return new_type(idx).derive_add_muls(generic_type).set_flag(.generic)
+				} else {
+					return new_type(idx).derive_add_muls(generic_type).clear_flag(.generic)
+				}
 			}
 		}
 		Struct, Interface, SumType {

vlib/v/checker/fn.v

@@ -963,6 +963,13 @@ pub fn (mut c Checker) fn_call(mut node ast.CallExpr, mut continue_check &bool)
 	}
 	if func.generic_names.len > 0 {
 		if has_generic {
+			if typ := c.table.resolve_generic_to_concrete(func.return_type, func.generic_names,
+				node.concrete_types)
+			{
+				if typ.has_flag(.generic) {
+					node.return_type = typ
+				}
+			}
 			return node.return_type
 		} else if typ := c.table.resolve_generic_to_concrete(func.return_type, func.generic_names,
 			concrete_types)

vlib/v/gen/c/cgen.v

@@ -2471,10 +2471,8 @@ fn (mut g Gen) expr_with_cast(expr ast.Expr, got_type_raw ast.Type, expected_typ
 	}
 	// Generic dereferencing logic
 	neither_void := ast.voidptr_type !in [got_type, expected_type]
-	to_shared := expected_type.has_flag(.shared_f) && !got_type_raw.has_flag(.shared_f)
+	if expected_type.has_flag(.shared_f) && !got_type_raw.has_flag(.shared_f)
-		&& !expected_type.has_flag(.optional)
+		&& !expected_type.has_flag(.optional) {
-	// from_shared := got_type_raw.has_flag(.shared_f) && !expected_type.has_flag(.shared_f)
-	if to_shared {
 		shared_styp := exp_styp[0..exp_styp.len - 1] // `shared` implies ptr, so eat one `*`
 		if got_type_raw.is_ptr() {
 			g.error('cannot convert reference to `shared`', expr.pos())
@@ -2492,6 +2490,13 @@ fn (mut g Gen) expr_with_cast(expr ast.Expr, got_type_raw ast.Type, expected_typ
 		g.is_shared = old_is_shared
 		g.writeln('}, sizeof($shared_styp))')
 		return
+	} else if got_type_raw.has_flag(.shared_f) && !expected_type.has_flag(.shared_f) {
+		if expected_type.is_ptr() {
+			g.write('&')
+		}
+		g.expr(expr)
+		g.write('->val')
+		return
 	}
 	if got_is_ptr && !expected_is_ptr && neither_void && exp_sym.kind != .placeholder
 		&& expr !is ast.InfixExpr {
@@ -3604,10 +3609,15 @@ fn (mut g Gen) selector_expr(node ast.SelectorExpr) {
 	}
 	// struct embedding
 	if sym.info in [ast.Struct, ast.Aggregate] {
-		for embed in node.from_embed_types {
+		for i, embed in node.from_embed_types {
 			embed_sym := g.table.sym(embed)
 			embed_name := embed_sym.embed_name()
-			if node.expr_type.is_ptr() {
+			is_left_ptr := if i == 0 {
+				node.expr_type.is_ptr()
+			} else {
+				node.from_embed_types[i - 1].is_ptr()
+			}
+			if is_left_ptr {
 				g.write('->')
 			} else {
 				g.write('.')
@@ -6310,10 +6320,6 @@ fn (mut g Gen) size_of(node ast.SizeOf) {
 	g.write('sizeof(${util.no_dots(styp)})')
 }
 
-fn (g &Gen) is_importing_os() bool {
-	return 'os' in g.table.imports
-}
-
 fn (mut g Gen) go_expr(node ast.GoExpr) {
 	line := g.go_before_stmt(0)
 	mut handle := ''
@@ -6797,16 +6803,13 @@ static inline __shared__$interface_name ${shared_fn_name}(__shared__$cctype* x)
 				}
 				else {}
 			}
-			if st_sym.info is ast.Struct {
+			t_methods := g.table.get_embed_methods(st_sym)
-				for embed in st_sym.info.embeds {
+			for t_method in t_methods {
-					embed_sym := g.table.sym(embed)
+				if t_method.name !in method_names {
-					for embed_method in embed_sym.methods {
+					methods << t_method
-						if embed_method.name !in method_names {
-							methods << embed_method
-						}
-					}
 				}
 			}
+
 			for method in methods {
 				mut name := method.name
 				if inter_info.parent_type.has_flag(.generic) {
@@ -6834,6 +6837,7 @@ static inline __shared__$interface_name ${shared_fn_name}(__shared__$cctype* x)
 				styp := g.cc_type(method.params[0].typ, true)
 				mut method_call := '${styp}_$name'
 				if !method.params[0].typ.is_ptr() {
+					method_call = '${cctype}_$name'
 					// inline void Cat_speak_Interface_Animal_method_wrapper(Cat c) { return Cat_speak(*c); }
 					iwpostfix := '_Interface_${interface_name}_method_wrapper'
 					methods_wrapper.write_string('static inline ${g.typ(method.return_type)} ${cctype}_$name${iwpostfix}(')
@@ -6865,9 +6869,13 @@ static inline __shared__$interface_name ${shared_fn_name}(__shared__$cctype* x)
 						embed_sym := g.table.sym(embed_types.last())
 						method_name := '${embed_sym.cname}_$method.name'
 						methods_wrapper.write_string('${method_name}(${fargs[0]}')
-						for embed in embed_types {
+						for idx_embed, embed in embed_types {
 							esym := g.table.sym(embed)
-							methods_wrapper.write_string('->$esym.embed_name()')
+							if idx_embed == 0 || embed_types[idx_embed - 1].is_any_kind_of_pointer() {
+								methods_wrapper.write_string('->$esym.embed_name()')
+							} else {
+								methods_wrapper.write_string('.$esym.embed_name()')
+							}
 						}
 						methods_wrapper.writeln('${fargs[1..].join(', ')});')
 					} else {

vlib/v/tests/generics_with_complex_nested_generics_type_test.v

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+fn test_generics_with_complex_nested_generics_type() {
+	mut buf := []byte{}
+	initial<string, u64>(buf)
+}
+
+fn initial<K, V>(buf []byte) map[K]V {
+	mut ret := map[K]V{}
+	for _ in 0 .. 3 {
+		k := get<K>(buf)
+		v := get<V>(buf)
+		ret[k] = v
+	}
+	println(ret)
+	assert '$ret' == "{'get': 22}"
+	return ret
+}
+
+fn get<T>(buf []byte) T {
+	$if T is string {
+		return buf.bytestr() + 'get'
+	} $else $if T is u64 {
+		return u64(22)
+	} $else {
+		panic('oops!')
+	}
+}

vlib/v/tests/interface_with_multi_nested_embed_1_test.v

@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+fn test_interface_with_multi_nested_embed() {
+	mut win := &Window{}
+	mut ll := &LinearLayout{}
+	mut lbl := &Label{
+		x: 10
+		y: 20
+	}
+
+	ll.add(mut lbl)
+	win.add(mut ll)
+
+	win.init()
+}
+
+[heap]
+pub struct Window {
+mut:
+	initables []&Initable
+}
+
+interface Initable {
+mut:
+	init(&Window)
+}
+
+pub fn (mut w Window) add(mut initable Initable) {
+	w.initables << initable
+}
+
+interface Container {
+mut:
+	layout()
+}
+
+fn (mut w Window) init() {
+	for wd in w.initables {
+		if mut wd is Container {
+			mut c := wd as Container
+			c.layout()
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+pub struct Rect {
+mut:
+	x int
+	y int
+}
+
+pub fn (r Rect) get_pos() (int, int) {
+	return r.x, r.y
+}
+
+pub struct LayoutBase {
+	Rect
+}
+
+pub struct Base {
+	LayoutBase
+}
+
+pub fn (mut b Base) init(window &Window) {}
+
+[heap]
+pub struct Label {
+	Base
+}
+
+pub interface Layoutable {
+	get_pos() (int, int)
+}
+
+[heap]
+pub struct LinearLayout {
+	Base
+mut:
+	layoutables []Layoutable
+}
+
+pub fn (mut ll LinearLayout) add(mut l Layoutable) {
+	ll.layoutables << l
+}
+
+pub fn (mut ll LinearLayout) layout() {
+	for mut wl in ll.layoutables {
+		x, y := wl.get_pos()
+		println('$x, $y')
+		assert x == 10
+		assert y == 20
+	}
+}

vlib/v/tests/interface_with_multi_nested_embed_2_test.v

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+fn test_interface_with_multi_nested_embed() {
+	mut ll := &LinearLayout{}
+	mut lbl := &Label{
+		x: 10
+		y: 20
+	}
+	ll.add(mut lbl)
+
+	println(ll)
+
+	assert ll.x == 10
+	assert ll.y == 20
+}
+
+pub struct Rect {
+mut:
+	x int
+	y int
+}
+
+pub fn (r Rect) get_pos() (int, int) {
+	return r.x, r.y
+}
+
+pub struct LayoutBase {
+	Rect
+}
+
+pub struct Base {
+	LayoutBase
+}
+
+pub fn (mut b Base) init() {}
+
+[heap]
+pub struct Label {
+	Base
+}
+
+pub interface Layoutable {
+	get_pos() (int, int)
+mut:
+	init()
+}
+
+[heap]
+pub struct LinearLayout {
+	Base
+mut:
+	layoutables []Layoutable
+}
+
+pub fn (mut ll LinearLayout) add(mut l Layoutable) {
+	x, y := l.get_pos()
+	ll.x += x
+	ll.y += y
+}

vlib/v/tests/struct_shared_field_init_test.v

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+struct AA {
+	b shared BB
+}
+
+struct BB {
+	a &int
+}
+
+struct CC {
+	a BB
+}
+
+fn test_struct_shared_field_init() {
+	a := 3
+	table := &AA{
+		b: BB{&a}
+	}
+	c := CC{
+		a: table.b
+	}
+	assert *c.a.a == 3
+}

vlib/vweb/tests/vweb_test.v

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import io
 
 const (
 	sport           = 12380
+	localserver     = 'localhost:$sport'
 	exit_after_time = 12000 // milliseconds
 	vexe            = os.getenv('VEXE')
 	vweb_logfile    = os.getenv('VWEB_LOGFILE')
@@ -116,7 +117,7 @@ fn assert_common_http_headers(x http.Response) ? {
 }
 
 fn test_http_client_index() ? {
-	x := http.get('http://127.0.0.1:$sport/') or { panic(err) }
+	x := http.get('http://$localserver/') or { panic(err) }
 	assert_common_http_headers(x) ?
 	assert x.header.get(.content_type) ? == 'text/plain'
 	assert x.text == 'Welcome to VWeb'
@@ -124,9 +125,9 @@ fn test_http_client_index() ? {
 
 fn test_http_client_404() ? {
 	url_404_list := [
-		'http://127.0.0.1:$sport/zxcnbnm',
+		'http://$localserver/zxcnbnm',
-		'http://127.0.0.1:$sport/JHKAJA',
+		'http://$localserver/JHKAJA',
-		'http://127.0.0.1:$sport/unknown',
+		'http://$localserver/unknown',
 	]
 	for url in url_404_list {
 		res := http.get(url) or { panic(err) }
@@ -135,39 +136,39 @@ fn test_http_client_404() ? {
 }
 
 fn test_http_client_simple() ? {
-	x := http.get('http://127.0.0.1:$sport/simple') or { panic(err) }
+	x := http.get('http://$localserver/simple') or { panic(err) }
 	assert_common_http_headers(x) ?
 	assert x.header.get(.content_type) ? == 'text/plain'
 	assert x.text == 'A simple result'
 }
 
 fn test_http_client_html_page() ? {
-	x := http.get('http://127.0.0.1:$sport/html_page') or { panic(err) }
+	x := http.get('http://$localserver/html_page') or { panic(err) }
 	assert_common_http_headers(x) ?
 	assert x.header.get(.content_type) ? == 'text/html'
 	assert x.text == '<h1>ok</h1>'
 }
 
 fn test_http_client_settings_page() ? {
-	x := http.get('http://127.0.0.1:$sport/bilbo/settings') or { panic(err) }
+	x := http.get('http://$localserver/bilbo/settings') or { panic(err) }
 	assert_common_http_headers(x) ?
 	assert x.text == 'username: bilbo'
 	//
-	y := http.get('http://127.0.0.1:$sport/kent/settings') or { panic(err) }
+	y := http.get('http://$localserver/kent/settings') or { panic(err) }
 	assert_common_http_headers(y) ?
 	assert y.text == 'username: kent'
 }
 
 fn test_http_client_user_repo_settings_page() ? {
-	x := http.get('http://127.0.0.1:$sport/bilbo/gostamp/settings') or { panic(err) }
+	x := http.get('http://$localserver/bilbo/gostamp/settings') or { panic(err) }
 	assert_common_http_headers(x) ?
 	assert x.text == 'username: bilbo | repository: gostamp'
 	//
-	y := http.get('http://127.0.0.1:$sport/kent/golang/settings') or { panic(err) }
+	y := http.get('http://$localserver/kent/golang/settings') or { panic(err) }
 	assert_common_http_headers(y) ?
 	assert y.text == 'username: kent | repository: golang'
 	//
-	z := http.get('http://127.0.0.1:$sport/missing/golang/settings') or { panic(err) }
+	z := http.get('http://$localserver/missing/golang/settings') or { panic(err) }
 	assert z.status() == .not_found
 }
 
@@ -182,7 +183,7 @@ fn test_http_client_json_post() ? {
 		age: 123
 	}
 	json_for_ouser := json.encode(ouser)
-	mut x := http.post_json('http://127.0.0.1:$sport/json_echo', json_for_ouser) or { panic(err) }
+	mut x := http.post_json('http://$localserver/json_echo', json_for_ouser) or { panic(err) }
 	$if debug_net_socket_client ? {
 		eprintln('/json_echo endpoint response: $x')
 	}
@@ -191,7 +192,7 @@ fn test_http_client_json_post() ? {
 	nuser := json.decode(User, x.text) or { User{} }
 	assert '$ouser' == '$nuser'
 	//
-	x = http.post_json('http://127.0.0.1:$sport/json', json_for_ouser) or { panic(err) }
+	x = http.post_json('http://$localserver/json', json_for_ouser) or { panic(err) }
 	$if debug_net_socket_client ? {
 		eprintln('/json endpoint response: $x')
 	}
@@ -213,7 +214,7 @@ $contents\r
 --$boundary--\r
 '
 	mut x := http.fetch(
-		url: 'http://127.0.0.1:$sport/form_echo'
+		url: 'http://$localserver/form_echo'
 		method: .post
 		header: http.new_header(
 			key: .content_type
@@ -228,7 +229,7 @@ $contents\r
 }
 
 fn test_http_client_shutdown_does_not_work_without_a_cookie() {
-	x := http.get('http://127.0.0.1:$sport/shutdown') or {
+	x := http.get('http://$localserver/shutdown') or {
 		assert err.msg == ''
 		return
 	}
@@ -240,7 +241,7 @@ fn testsuite_end() {
 	// This test is guaranteed to be called last.
 	// It sends a request to the server to shutdown.
 	x := http.fetch(
-		url: 'http://127.0.0.1:$sport/shutdown'
+		url: 'http://$localserver/shutdown'
 		method: .get
 		cookies: {
 			'skey': 'superman'
@@ -268,7 +269,7 @@ fn simple_tcp_client(config SimpleTcpClientConfig) ?string {
 	mut tries := 0
 	for tries < config.retries {
 		tries++
-		client = net.dial_tcp('127.0.0.1:$sport') or {
+		client = net.dial_tcp(localserver) or {
 			if tries > config.retries {
 				return err
 			}

vlib/vweb/tests/vweb_test_server.v

@@ -43,9 +43,8 @@ fn main() {
 		timeout: timeout
 		global_config: config
 	}
-	eprintln('>> webserver: started on http://127.0.0.1:$app.port/ , with maximum runtime of $app.timeout milliseconds.')
+	eprintln('>> webserver: started on http://localhost:$app.port/ , with maximum runtime of $app.timeout milliseconds.')
-	// vweb.run<App>(mut app, http_port)
+	vweb.run_at(app, 'localhost', http_port)
-	vweb.run(app, http_port)
 }
 
 // pub fn (mut app App) init_server() {

vlib/vweb/vweb.v

@@ -376,10 +376,16 @@ interface DbInterface {
 	db voidptr
 }
 
-// run_app
+// run - start a new VWeb server, listening to all available addresses, at the specified `port`
-[manualfree]
 pub fn run<T>(global_app &T, port int) {
-	mut l := net.listen_tcp(.ip6, ':$port') or { panic('failed to listen $err.code $err') }
+	run_at<T>(global_app, '', port)
+}
+
+// run_at - start a new VWeb server, listening only on a specific address `host`, at the specified `port`
+// Example: `vweb.run_at(app, 'localhost', 8099)`
+[manualfree]
+pub fn run_at<T>(global_app &T, host string, port int) {
+	mut l := net.listen_tcp(.ip, '$host:$port') or { panic('failed to listen $err.code $err') }
 
 	// Parsing methods attributes
 	mut routes := map[string]Route{}