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# v_printf/v_sprintf
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These are v implementations of the C language `printf` and `sprintf` functions.
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***Note: These functions are platform dependent in C, but in V they are platform independent.***
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### v_sprintf
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`v_sprintf` has a variable number of parameters. The first is a format string to control the appearance of the final string. Each format specifier (%s, %d, etc.) in the format string is replaced by the textual version of the following parameters.
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```v
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import strconv
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fn main() {
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a := "World"
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s := strconv.v_sprintf("Hello %s!", a)
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println(s)
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}
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```
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```
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Hello World!
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```
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### v_printf
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`v_printf` creates the same modified string as `v_sprintf`, using the same format specifiers, but it will immediately print the modified string to stdout instead of returning a string.
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### Syntax
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The syntax for a format specifier is:
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```
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%[parameter][flags][width][.precision][length]type
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```
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#### Flags field
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The Flags field may be zero or more (in any order) of:
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| Character | Description |
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| ----------- | ------------------------------------------------------------ |
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| `-` (minus) | Left-align the output of this specifier. (The default is to right-align the output.) |
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| `+` (plus) | Prepends a plus for positive signed-numeric types. positive = `+`, negative = `-`. (The default doesn't prepend anything to positive numbers.) |
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| `0` (zero) | When the 'width' option is specified, prepends zeros for numeric types. (The default prepends spaces.) For example, `printf("%4X",3)` produces ` 3`, while `printf("%04X",3)` produces `0003`. |
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#### Width field
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The Width field specifies a *maximum* number of characters to output, and is typically used to pad fixed-width fields in tabulated output, it causes truncation of oversized fields.
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The width field may be omitted, or it may be a numeric integer value, or may also be specified by a parameter when indicated by an asterisk `*`. For example, `v_printf("%*.s", 5, my_string)` will result in ` mystring` being printed, with a total width of 5 characters.
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#### Length field
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The Length field can be omitted or be any of:
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| Character | Description |
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| --------- | ------------------------------------------------------------ |
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| `hh` | For integer types, causes `printf` to expect an `byte` or `i8` argument. |
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| `h` | For integer types, causes `printf` to expect an `int16` or `u16` argument. |
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| `l` | For integer types, causes `printf` to expect an `i64` or `u64` argument. |
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| `ll` | For integer types, causes `printf` to expect an `i64` or `u64` argument. |
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| | |
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| | |
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#### Type field
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The Type field can be any of:
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| Character | Description |
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| --------- | ------------------------------------------------------------ |
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| `%` | Prints a literal `%` character (this type doesn't accept any flags, width, precision, length fields). |
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| `d`, `i` | `int` as a signed `int` `%d` and `%i` are synonymous for output. The size of the argument is specified by the length field. |
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| `u` | `unsigned int`. The size of the argument is specified by the length field. |
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| `f`, `F` | `double` in normal notation. `f` and `F` only differs in how the strings are printed: lowercase or uppercase. |
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| `e`, `E` | `double` in scientific notation.`e` and `E` only differs in how the strings are printed: lowercase or uppercase. |
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| `g`, `G` | `double` in automatic notation.`g` and `G` only differs in how the strings are printed: lowercase or uppercase. |
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| `x`, `X` | `unsigned int` as a hexadecimal number. `x` uses lower-case letters and `X` uses upper-case. |
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| `s` | string |
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| `p` | `void *` (pointer to void) in an implementation-defined format. |
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| `c` | `char` (character). |
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## Examples
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various types
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```v
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a0 := u32(10)
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b0 := 200
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c0 := byte(12)
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s0 := "ciAo"
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ch0 := `B`
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f0 := 0.312345
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f1 := 200000.0
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sc0 := "ciao: [%-08u] %d %hhd [%8s] [%08X] [%-20.4f] [%-20.4f] [%c]"
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temp_s = strconv.v_sprintf(sc0 ,a0 ,b0 ,c0 ,s0, b0 ,f0, f1, ch0)
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println(temp_s)
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```
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```
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ciao: [10 ] 200 12 [ ciAo] [000000C8] [0.3123 ] [200000.0000 ] [B]
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```
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integer
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```v
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a := byte(12)
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b := i16(13)
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c := 14
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d := i64(15)
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sc1 := "==>%hhd %hd %d %ld"
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temp_s = strconv.v_sprintf(sc1, a ,b ,c, d)
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println(temp_s)
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```
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```
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==>12 13 14 15
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```
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unsigned integer
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```v
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a1 := byte(0xff)
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b1 := u16(0xffff)
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c1 := u32(0xffff_ffff)
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d1 := u64(-1)
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sc2 := "%hhu %hu %u %lu"
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temp_s = strconv.v_sprintf(sc2, a1 ,b1 ,c1, d1)
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println(temp_s)
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```
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```
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255 65535 4294967295 18446744073709551615
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```
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hexadecimal
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```v
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a1 := byte(0xff)
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b1 := i16(0xffff)
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c1 := u32(0xffff_ffff)
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d1 := u64(-1)
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sc3 := "%hhx %hx %x %lx"
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temp_s = strconv.v_sprintf(sc3, a1 ,b1 ,c1, d1)
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println(temp_s)
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```
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```
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ff ffff ffffffff ffffffffffffffff
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```
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hexadecimal
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```v
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a2 := 125
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sc7 := "[%9x] [%9X] [%-9x] [%-9X] [%09x] [%09X]"
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temp_s = strconv.v_sprintf(sc7, a2, a2, a2, a2, a2, a2)
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println(temp_s)
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```
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```
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[ 7d] [ 7D] [7d ] [7D ] [00000007d] [00000007D]
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```
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floating points
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```v
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f0 := 0.312345
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f1 := 200000.0
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f2 := -1234.300e6
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f3 := 1234.300e-6
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sc4 := "[%-20.3e] [%20.3e] [%-020.3e] [%-020.3E] [%-020.3e] [%-020.3e]"
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temp_s = strconv.v_sprintf(sc4, f0, f1, f1, f1, f2, f3)
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println(temp_s)
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```
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```
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[3.123e-01 ] [ 2.000e+05] [2.000e+05 ] [2.000E+05 ] [-1.234e+09 ] [1.234e-03 ]
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```
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float automatic notations
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```v
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mut ft := -1e-7
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mut x := 0
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sc8 := "[%20g][%20G]|"
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for x < 12 {
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temp_s = strconv.v_sprintf(sc8, ft, ft)
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println("$temp_s\n")
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ft = ft * 10.0
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x++
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}
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```
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```
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[ -1e-07][ -1E-07]|
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[ -1e-06][ -1E-06]|
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[ -1e-05][ -1E-05]|
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[ -0.0001][ -0.0001]|
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[ -0.001][ -0.001]|
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[ -0.01][ -0.01]|
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[ -0.1][ -0.1]|
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[ -1][ -1]|
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[ -10][ -10]|
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[ -100][ -100]|
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[ -1000][ -1000]|
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[ -10000][ -10000]|
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```
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## Utility functions
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The format module also has some utility functions:
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```v
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// calling struct
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struct BF_param {
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pad_ch byte = ` ` // padding char
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len0 int = -1 // default len for whole the number or string
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len1 int = 6 // number of decimal digits, if needed
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positive bool = true // mandatory: the sign of the number passed
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sign_flag bool = false // flag for print sign as prefix in padding
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allign Align_text = .right // alignment of the string
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rm_tail_zero bool = false // remove the tail zeros from floats
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}
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// utilities
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fn format_dec(d u64, p BF_param) string
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fn format_fl(f f64, p BF_param) string
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fn format_es(f f64, p BF_param) string
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fn remove_tail_zeros(s string) string
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```
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`format_dec` format the integer number using the parameters in the `BF_param` struct.
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`format_fl` format a float number in normal notation using the parameters in the `BF_param` struct.
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`format_es format a float number in scientific notation using the parameters in the `BF_param` struct.
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`remove_tail_zeros` removes the tailing zeros from a floating point number as string.
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