fmt: remove space in front of ? and ! (#14366)

cmd/tools/check_os_api_parity.v

@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ fn main() {
 	vexe := pref.vexe_path()
 	vroot := os.dir(vexe)
 	util.set_vroot_folder(vroot)
-	os.chdir(vroot) ?
+	os.chdir(vroot)?
 	cmd := diff.find_working_diff_command() or { '' }
 	mut app := App{
 		diff_cmd: cmd

cmd/tools/fast/fast.v

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ const vdir = @VEXEROOT
 fn main() {
 	dump(fast_dir)
 	dump(vdir)
-	os.chdir(fast_dir) ?
+	os.chdir(fast_dir)?
 	if !os.exists('$vdir/v') && !os.is_dir('$vdir/vlib') {
 		println('fast.html generator needs to be located in `v/cmd/tools/fast`')
 	}
@@ -32,11 +32,11 @@ fn main() {
 	// fetch the last commit's hash
 	commit := exec('git rev-parse HEAD')[..8]
 	if !os.exists('table.html') {
-		os.create('table.html') ?
+		os.create('table.html')?
 	}
-	mut table := os.read_file('table.html') ?
+	mut table := os.read_file('table.html')?
 	if os.exists('website/index.html') {
-		uploaded_index := os.read_file('website/index.html') ?
+		uploaded_index := os.read_file('website/index.html')?
 		if uploaded_index.contains('>$commit<') {
 			println('nothing to benchmark')
 			exit(1)
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ fn main() {
 
 	// build an optimized V
 	println('  Building vprod...')
-	os.chdir(vdir) ?
+	os.chdir(vdir)?
 	if os.args.contains('-noprod') {
 		exec('./v -o vprod cmd/v') // for faster debugging
 	} else {
@@ -82,8 +82,8 @@ fn main() {
 	commit_date := exec('git log -n1 --pretty="format:%at" $commit')
 	date := time.unix(commit_date.int())
 
-	os.chdir(fast_dir) ?
+	os.chdir(fast_dir)?
-	mut out := os.create('table.html') ?
+	mut out := os.create('table.html')?
 
 	// place the new row on top
 	html_message := message.replace_each(['<', '&lt;', '>', '&gt;'])
@@ -105,25 +105,25 @@ fn main() {
 		<td>${int(f64(vlines) / f64(diff1) * 1000.0)}</td>
 	</tr>\n' +
 		table.trim_space()
-	out.writeln(table) ?
+	out.writeln(table)?
 	out.close()
 
 	// regenerate index.html
-	header := os.read_file('header.html') ?
+	header := os.read_file('header.html')?
-	footer := os.read_file('footer.html') ?
+	footer := os.read_file('footer.html')?
-	mut res := os.create('index.html') ?
+	mut res := os.create('index.html')?
-	res.writeln(header) ?
+	res.writeln(header)?
-	res.writeln(table) ?
+	res.writeln(table)?
-	res.writeln(footer) ?
+	res.writeln(footer)?
 	res.close()
 
 	// upload the result to github pages
 	if os.args.contains('-upload') {
 		println('uploading...')
-		os.chdir('website') ?
+		os.chdir('website')?
 		os.execute_or_exit('git checkout gh-pages')
-		os.cp('../index.html', 'index.html') ?
+		os.cp('../index.html', 'index.html')?
-		os.rm('../index.html') ?
+		os.rm('../index.html')?
 		os.system('git commit -am "update benchmark"')
 		os.system('git push origin gh-pages')
 	}

cmd/tools/oldv.v

@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ fn main() {
 	should_sync := fp.bool('cache-sync', `s`, false, 'Update the local cache')
 	context.is_bisect = fp.bool('bisect', `b`, false, 'Bisect mode. Use the current commit in the repo where oldv is.')
 	if !should_sync && !context.is_bisect {
-		fp.limit_free_args(1, 1) ?
+		fp.limit_free_args(1, 1)?
 	}
 	////
 	context.cleanup = fp.bool('clean', 0, false, 'Clean before running (slower).')

cmd/tools/performance_compare.v

@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ fn main() {
 	fp.description(tool_description)
 	fp.arguments_description('COMMIT_BEFORE [COMMIT_AFTER]')
 	fp.skip_executable()
-	fp.limit_free_args(1, 2) ?
+	fp.limit_free_args(1, 2)?
 	context.vflags = fp.string('vflags', 0, '', 'Additional options to pass to the v commands, for example "-cc tcc"')
 	context.hyperfineopts = fp.string('hyperfine_options', 0, '', 'Additional options passed to hyperfine.
 ${flag.space}For example on linux, you may want to pass:

cmd/tools/repeat.v

@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ const (
 
 fn main() {
 	mut context := Context{}
-	context.parse_options() ?
+	context.parse_options()?
 	context.run()
 	context.show_diff_summary()
 }
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ fn (mut context Context) parse_options() ? {
 	fp.description('Repeat command(s) and collect statistics. Note: you have to quote each command, if it contains spaces.')
 	fp.arguments_description('CMD1 CMD2 ...')
 	fp.skip_executable()
-	fp.limit_free_args_to_at_least(1) ?
+	fp.limit_free_args_to_at_least(1)?
 	context.count = fp.int('count', `c`, 10, 'Repetition count.')
 	context.series = fp.int('series', `s`, 2, 'Series count. `-s 2 -c 4 a b` => aaaabbbbaaaabbbb, while `-s 3 -c 2 a b` => aabbaabbaabb.')
 	context.warmup = fp.int('warmup', `w`, 2, 'Warmup runs. These are done *only at the start*, and are ignored.')

cmd/tools/test_if_v_test_system_works.v

@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ fn cleanup_tdir() {
 
 fn create_test(tname string, tcontent string) ?string {
 	tpath := os.join_path(tdir, tname)
-	os.write_file(tpath, tcontent) ?
+	os.write_file(tpath, tcontent)?
 	eprintln('>>>>>>>> tpath: $tpath | tcontent: $tcontent')
 	return tpath
 }
@@ -52,17 +52,17 @@ fn main() {
 		os.chdir(os.wd_at_startup) or {}
 	}
 	println('> vroot: $vroot | vexe: $vexe | tdir: $tdir')
-	ok_fpath := create_test('a_single_ok_test.v', 'fn test_ok(){ assert true }') ?
+	ok_fpath := create_test('a_single_ok_test.v', 'fn test_ok(){ assert true }')?
 	check_ok('"$vexe" "$ok_fpath"')
 	check_ok('"$vexe" test "$ok_fpath"')
 	check_ok('"$vexe" test "$tdir"')
-	fail_fpath := create_test('a_single_failing_test.v', 'fn test_fail(){ assert 1 == 2 }') ?
+	fail_fpath := create_test('a_single_failing_test.v', 'fn test_fail(){ assert 1 == 2 }')?
 	check_fail('"$vexe" "$fail_fpath"')
 	check_fail('"$vexe" test "$fail_fpath"')
 	check_fail('"$vexe" test "$tdir"')
 	rel_dir := os.join_path(tdir, rand.ulid())
-	os.mkdir(rel_dir) ?
+	os.mkdir(rel_dir)?
-	os.chdir(rel_dir) ?
+	os.chdir(rel_dir)?
 	check_ok('"$vexe" test "..${os.path_separator + os.base(ok_fpath)}"')
 	println('> all done')
 }

cmd/tools/vast/vast.v

@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ fn main() {
 	for hf in hfields.split(',') {
 		ctx.hide_names[hf] = true
 	}
-	fp.limit_free_args_to_at_least(1) ?
+	fp.limit_free_args_to_at_least(1)?
 	rest_of_args := fp.remaining_parameters()
 	for vfile in rest_of_args {
 		file := get_abs_path(vfile)

cmd/tools/vbin2v.v

@@ -130,12 +130,12 @@ fn main() {
 	}
 	max_bname := context.max_bname_len(file_byte_map.keys())
 	if context.write_file.len > 0 {
-		mut out_file := os.create(context.write_file) ?
+		mut out_file := os.create(context.write_file)?
-		out_file.write_string(context.header()) ?
+		out_file.write_string(context.header())?
 		for bname, fbytes in file_byte_map {
-			out_file.write_string(context.file2v(bname, fbytes, max_bname)) ?
+			out_file.write_string(context.file2v(bname, fbytes, max_bname))?
 		}
-		out_file.write_string(context.footer()) ?
+		out_file.write_string(context.footer())?
 	} else {
 		print(context.header())
 		for bname, fbytes in file_byte_map {

cmd/tools/vbuild-tools.v

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ fn main() {
 	args_string := os.args[1..].join(' ')
 	vexe := os.getenv('VEXE')
 	vroot := os.dir(vexe)
-	os.chdir(vroot) ?
+	os.chdir(vroot)?
 	folder := os.join_path('cmd', 'tools')
 	tfolder := os.join_path(vroot, 'cmd', 'tools')
 	main_label := 'Building $folder ...'
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ fn main() {
 		exit(1)
 	}
 	//
-	mut executables := os.ls(session.vtmp_dir) ?
+	mut executables := os.ls(session.vtmp_dir)?
 	executables.sort()
 	for texe in executables {
 		tname := texe.replace(os.file_ext(texe), '')

cmd/tools/vbump_test.v

@@ -68,21 +68,21 @@ fn run_individual_test(case BumpTestCase) ? {
 	test_file := os.join_path_single(temp_dir, case.file_name)
 
 	os.rm(test_file) or {}
-	os.write_file(test_file, case.contents) ?
+	os.write_file(test_file, case.contents)?
 	//
 	os.execute_or_exit('${os.quoted_path(vexe)} bump --patch ${os.quoted_path(test_file)}')
-	patch_lines := os.read_lines(test_file) ?
+	patch_lines := os.read_lines(test_file)?
 	assert patch_lines[case.line] == case.expected_patch
 
 	os.execute_or_exit('${os.quoted_path(vexe)} bump --minor ${os.quoted_path(test_file)}')
-	minor_lines := os.read_lines(test_file) ?
+	minor_lines := os.read_lines(test_file)?
 	assert minor_lines[case.line] == case.expected_minor
 
 	os.execute_or_exit('${os.quoted_path(vexe)} bump --major ${os.quoted_path(test_file)}')
-	major_lines := os.read_lines(test_file) ?
+	major_lines := os.read_lines(test_file)?
 	assert major_lines[case.line] == case.expected_major
 	//
-	os.rm(test_file) ?
+	os.rm(test_file)?
 }
 
 fn test_all_bump_cases() {

cmd/tools/vcreate_test.v

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ const test_path = 'vcreate_test'
 fn init_and_check() ? {
 	os.execute_or_exit('${os.quoted_path(@VEXE)} init')
 
-	assert os.read_file('vcreate_test.v') ? == [
+	assert os.read_file('vcreate_test.v')? == [
 		'module main\n',
 		'fn main() {',
 		"	println('Hello World!')",
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ fn init_and_check() ? {
 		'',
 	].join_lines()
 
-	assert os.read_file('v.mod') ? == [
+	assert os.read_file('v.mod')? == [
 		'Module {',
 		"	name: 'vcreate_test'",
 		"	description: ''",
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ fn init_and_check() ? {
 		'',
 	].join_lines()
 
-	assert os.read_file('.gitignore') ? == [
+	assert os.read_file('.gitignore')? == [
 		'# Binaries for programs and plugins',
 		'main',
 		'vcreate_test',
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ fn init_and_check() ? {
 		'',
 	].join_lines()
 
-	assert os.read_file('.gitattributes') ? == [
+	assert os.read_file('.gitattributes')? == [
 		'*.v linguist-language=V text=auto eol=lf',
 		'*.vv linguist-language=V text=auto eol=lf',
 		'*.vsh linguist-language=V text=auto eol=lf',
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ fn init_and_check() ? {
 		'',
 	].join_lines()
 
-	assert os.read_file('.editorconfig') ? == [
+	assert os.read_file('.editorconfig')? == [
 		'[*]',
 		'charset = utf-8',
 		'end_of_line = lf',
@@ -66,9 +66,9 @@ fn test_v_init() ? {
 	defer {
 		os.rmdir_all(dir) or {}
 	}
-	os.chdir(dir) ?
+	os.chdir(dir)?
 
-	init_and_check() ?
+	init_and_check()?
 }
 
 fn test_v_init_in_git_dir() ? {
@@ -78,24 +78,24 @@ fn test_v_init_in_git_dir() ? {
 	defer {
 		os.rmdir_all(dir) or {}
 	}
-	os.chdir(dir) ?
+	os.chdir(dir)?
 	os.execute_or_exit('git init .')
-	init_and_check() ?
+	init_and_check()?
 }
 
 fn test_v_init_no_overwrite_gitignore() ? {
 	dir := os.join_path(os.temp_dir(), test_path)
 	os.rmdir_all(dir) or {}
 	os.mkdir(dir) or {}
-	os.write_file('$dir/.gitignore', 'blah') ?
+	os.write_file('$dir/.gitignore', 'blah')?
 	defer {
 		os.rmdir_all(dir) or {}
 	}
-	os.chdir(dir) ?
+	os.chdir(dir)?
 
 	os.execute_or_exit('${os.quoted_path(@VEXE)} init')
 
-	assert os.read_file('.gitignore') ? == 'blah'
+	assert os.read_file('.gitignore')? == 'blah'
 }
 
 fn test_v_init_no_overwrite_gitattributes_and_editorconfig() ? {
@@ -114,15 +114,15 @@ indent_size = 4
 	dir := os.join_path(os.temp_dir(), test_path)
 	os.rmdir_all(dir) or {}
 	os.mkdir(dir) or {}
-	os.write_file('$dir/.gitattributes', git_attributes_content) ?
+	os.write_file('$dir/.gitattributes', git_attributes_content)?
-	os.write_file('$dir/.editorconfig', editor_config_content) ?
+	os.write_file('$dir/.editorconfig', editor_config_content)?
 	defer {
 		os.rmdir_all(dir) or {}
 	}
-	os.chdir(dir) ?
+	os.chdir(dir)?
 
 	os.execute_or_exit('${os.quoted_path(@VEXE)} init')
 
-	assert os.read_file('.gitattributes') ? == git_attributes_content
+	assert os.read_file('.gitattributes')? == git_attributes_content
-	assert os.read_file('.editorconfig') ? == editor_config_content
+	assert os.read_file('.editorconfig')? == editor_config_content
 }

cmd/tools/vdoc/tests/vdoc_file_test.v

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ fn find_diff_cmd() string {
 
 fn test_vet() ? {
 	os.setenv('VCOLORS', 'never', true)
-	os.chdir(vroot) ?
+	os.chdir(vroot)?
 	test_dir := 'cmd/tools/vdoc/tests/testdata'
 	main_files := get_main_files_in_dir(test_dir)
 	fails := check_path(vexe, test_dir, main_files)

cmd/tools/vgret.v

@@ -142,11 +142,11 @@ fn main() {
 		exit(1)
 	}
 
-	opt.config = new_config(opt.root_path, toml_conf) ?
+	opt.config = new_config(opt.root_path, toml_conf)?
 
 	gen_in_path := arg_paths[0]
 	if arg_paths.len >= 1 {
-		generate_screenshots(mut opt, gen_in_path) ?
+		generate_screenshots(mut opt, gen_in_path)?
 	}
 	if arg_paths.len > 1 {
 		target_path := arg_paths[1]
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ fn generate_screenshots(mut opt Options, output_path string) ? {
 			if opt.verbose {
 				eprintln('Creating output path `$dst_path`')
 			}
-			os.mkdir_all(dst_path) ?
+			os.mkdir_all(dst_path)?
 		}
 
 		screenshot_path := os.join_path(dst_path, rel_out_path)
@@ -332,7 +332,7 @@ fn take_screenshots(opt Options, app AppConfig) ?[]string {
 // ensure_env returns nothing if everything is okay.
 fn ensure_env(opt Options) ? {
 	if !os.exists(tmp_dir) {
-		os.mkdir_all(tmp_dir) ?
+		os.mkdir_all(tmp_dir)?
 	}
 
 	if runtime_os !in supported_hosts {
@@ -355,9 +355,9 @@ fn vexe() string {
 
 fn new_config(root_path string, toml_config string) ?Config {
 	doc := if os.is_file(toml_config) {
-		toml.parse_file(toml_config) ?
+		toml.parse_file(toml_config)?
 	} else {
-		toml.parse_text(toml_config) ?
+		toml.parse_text(toml_config)?
 	}
 
 	path := os.real_path(root_path).trim_right('/')

cmd/tools/vscan.v

@@ -12,11 +12,11 @@ fn main() {
 	fp.version('0.0.1')
 	fp.description('\nScan .v source files, and print the V tokens contained in them.')
 	fp.arguments_description('PATH [PATH]...')
-	fp.limit_free_args_to_at_least(1) ?
+	fp.limit_free_args_to_at_least(1)?
 	pref := pref.new_preferences()
 	mut all_paths := fp.remaining_parameters()
 	for path in all_paths {
-		mut scanner := scanner.new_scanner_file(path, .parse_comments, pref) ?
+		mut scanner := scanner.new_scanner_file(path, .parse_comments, pref)?
 		mut tok := token.Token{}
 		for tok.kind != .eof {
 			tok = scanner.scan()

cmd/tools/vself.v

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ fn main() {
 	short_v_name := vexe_name.all_before('.')
 	//
 	recompilation.must_be_enabled(vroot, 'Please install V from source, to use `$vexe_name self` .')
-	os.chdir(vroot) ?
+	os.chdir(vroot)?
 	os.setenv('VCOLORS', 'always', true)
 	args := os.args[1..].filter(it != 'self')
 	jargs := args.join(' ')

cmd/tools/vsetup-freetype.v

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ fn main() {
 	$if windows {
 		println('Setup freetype...')
 		vroot := os.dir(pref.vexe_path())
-		os.chdir(vroot) ?
+		os.chdir(vroot)?
 		if os.is_dir(freetype_folder) {
 			println('Thirdparty "freetype" is already installed.')
 		} else {

cmd/tools/vshader.v

@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ fn compile_shaders(opt Options, input_path string) ? {
 		// Currently sokol-shdc allows for multiple --input flags
 		// - but it's only the last entry that's actually compiled/used
 		// Given this fact - we can only compile one '.glsl' file to one C '.h' header
-		compile_shader(co, shader_file) ?
+		compile_shader(co, shader_file)?
 	}
 }
 
@@ -233,10 +233,10 @@ fn collect(path string, mut list []string) {
 // tools can be setup or is already in place.
 fn ensure_external_tools(opt Options) ? {
 	if !os.exists(cache_dir) {
-		os.mkdir_all(cache_dir) ?
+		os.mkdir_all(cache_dir)?
 	}
 	if opt.force_update {
-		download_shdc(opt) ?
+		download_shdc(opt)?
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ fn ensure_external_tools(opt Options) ? {
 		return
 	}
 
-	download_shdc(opt) ?
+	download_shdc(opt)?
 }
 
 // shdc_exe returns an absolute path to the `sokol-shdc` tool.
@@ -277,26 +277,26 @@ fn download_shdc(opt Options) ? {
 		}
 	}
 	if os.exists(file) {
-		os.rm(file) ?
+		os.rm(file)?
 	}
 
-	mut dtmp_file, dtmp_path := util.temp_file(util.TempFileOptions{ path: os.dir(file) }) ?
+	mut dtmp_file, dtmp_path := util.temp_file(util.TempFileOptions{ path: os.dir(file) })?
 	dtmp_file.close()
 	if opt.verbose {
 		eprintln('$tool_name downloading sokol-shdc from $download_url')
 	}
 	http.download_file(download_url, dtmp_path) or {
-		os.rm(dtmp_path) ?
+		os.rm(dtmp_path)?
 		return error('$tool_name failed to download sokol-shdc needed for shader compiling: $err')
 	}
 	// Make it executable
-	os.chmod(dtmp_path, 0o775) ?
+	os.chmod(dtmp_path, 0o775)?
 	// Move downloaded file in place
-	os.mv(dtmp_path, file) ?
+	os.mv(dtmp_path, file)?
 	if runtime_os in ['linux', 'macos'] {
 		// Use the .exe file ending to minimize platform friction.
-		os.mv(file, shdc) ?
+		os.mv(file, shdc)?
 	}
 	// Update internal version file
-	os.write_file(shdc_version_file, update_to_shdc_version) ?
+	os.write_file(shdc_version_file, update_to_shdc_version)?
 }

cmd/tools/vtest-parser.v

@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ fn main() {
 		context.pref = &pref.Preferences{
 			output_mode: .silent
 		}
-		mut source := os.read_file(context.path) ?
+		mut source := os.read_file(context.path)?
 		source = source[..context.cut_index]
 
 		go fn (ms int) {

cmd/tools/vtracev.v

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import v.pref
 fn main() {
 	vexe := pref.vexe_path()
 	vroot := os.dir(vexe)
-	os.chdir(vroot) ?
+	os.chdir(vroot)?
 	os.setenv('VCOLORS', 'always', true)
 	self_idx := os.args.index('tracev')
 	args := os.args[1..self_idx]

cmd/tools/vup.v

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ fn new_app() App {
 fn main() {
 	app := new_app()
 	recompilation.must_be_enabled(app.vroot, 'Please install V from source, to use `v up` .')
-	os.chdir(app.vroot) ?
+	os.chdir(app.vroot)?
 	println('Updating V...')
 	app.update_from_master()
 	v_hash := version.githash(false)

cmd/tools/vvet/vet_test.v

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ fn find_diff_cmd() string {
 fn test_vet() ? {
 	vexe := os.getenv('VEXE')
 	vroot := os.dir(vexe)
-	os.chdir(vroot) ?
+	os.chdir(vroot)?
 	test_dir := 'cmd/tools/vvet/tests'
 	tests := get_tests_in_dir(test_dir)
 	fails := check_path(vexe, test_dir, tests)

cmd/tools/vwatch.v

@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ fn main() {
 	fp.description('Collect all .v files needed for a compilation, then re-run the compilation when any of the source changes.')
 	fp.arguments_description('[--silent] [--clear] [--ignore .db] [--add /path/to/a/file.v] [run] program.v')
 	fp.allow_unknown_args()
-	fp.limit_free_args_to_at_least(1) ?
+	fp.limit_free_args_to_at_least(1)?
 	context.is_worker = fp.bool('vwatchworker', 0, false, 'Internal flag. Used to distinguish vwatch manager and worker processes.')
 	context.silent = fp.bool('silent', `s`, false, 'Be more silent; do not print the watch timestamp before each re-run.')
 	context.clear_terminal = fp.bool('clear', `c`, false, 'Clears the terminal before each re-run.')

doc/docs.md

@@ -1303,7 +1303,7 @@ large_index := 999
 val := arr[large_index] or { panic('out of bounds') }
 println(val)
 // you can also do this, if you want to *propagate* the access error:
-val2 := arr[333] ?
+val2 := arr[333]?
 println(val2)
 ```
 
@@ -1893,7 +1893,7 @@ enum State {
 
 // write log file and return number of bytes written
 fn write_log(s State) ?int {
-	mut f := os.create('log.txt') ?
+	mut f := os.create('log.txt')?
 	defer {
 		f.close()
 	}
@@ -3419,7 +3419,7 @@ propagate the error:
 import net.http
 
 fn f(url string) ?string {
-	resp := http.get(url) ?
+	resp := http.get(url)?
 	return resp.text
 }
 ```
@@ -3937,7 +3937,7 @@ println(user.last_name)
 println(user.age)
 // You can also decode JSON arrays:
 sfoos := '[{"x":123},{"x":456}]'
-foos := json.decode([]Foo, sfoos) ?
+foos := json.decode([]Foo, sfoos)?
 println(foos[0].x)
 println(foos[1].x)
 ```
@@ -4042,8 +4042,8 @@ If a test function has an error return type, any propagated errors will fail the
 import strconv
 
 fn test_atoi() ? {
-	assert strconv.atoi('1') ? == 1
+	assert strconv.atoi('1')? == 1
-	assert strconv.atoi('one') ? == 1 // test will fail
+	assert strconv.atoi('one')? == 1 // test will fail
 }
 ```
 
@@ -4435,7 +4435,7 @@ struct Customer {
 	country   string [nonull]
 }
 
-db := sqlite.connect('customers.db') ?
+db := sqlite.connect('customers.db')?
 
 // you can create tables:
 // CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `Customer` (
@@ -5356,7 +5356,7 @@ Full list of builtin options:
 import os
 fn main() {
 	embedded_file := $embed_file('v.png')
-	os.write_file('exported.png', embedded_file.to_string()) ?
+	os.write_file('exported.png', embedded_file.to_string())?
 }
 ```
 
@@ -5380,7 +5380,7 @@ Currently only one compression type is supported: `zlib`
 import os
 fn main() {
 	embedded_file := $embed_file('v.png', .zlib) // compressed using zlib
-	os.write_file('exported.png', embedded_file.to_string()) ?
+	os.write_file('exported.png', embedded_file.to_string())?
 }
 ```
 
@@ -5833,7 +5833,7 @@ fn sh(cmd string){
 rmdir_all('build') or { }
 
 // Create build/, never fails as build/ does not exist
-mkdir('build') ?
+mkdir('build')?
 
 // Move *.v files to build/
 result := execute('mv *.v build/')
@@ -5844,7 +5844,7 @@ if result.exit_code != 0 {
 sh('ls')
 
 // Similar to:
-// files := ls('.') ?
+// files := ls('.')?
 // mut count := 0
 // if files.len > 0 {
 //     for file in files {

examples/buf_reader.v

@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@ import io
 
 fn main() {
 	// Make a new connection
-	mut conn := net.dial_tcp('google.com:80') ?
+	mut conn := net.dial_tcp('google.com:80')?
 	// Simple http HEAD request for a file
-	conn.write_string('GET /index.html HTTP/1.0\r\n\r\n') ?
+	conn.write_string('GET /index.html HTTP/1.0\r\n\r\n')?
 	// Wrap in a buffered reader
 	mut r := io.new_buffered_reader(reader: conn)
 	for {

examples/concurrency/concurrency_http.v

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import time
 
 fn vlang_time(mut wg sync.WaitGroup) ?string {
 	start := time.ticks()
-	data := http.get('https://vlang.io/utc_now') ?
+	data := http.get('https://vlang.io/utc_now')?
 	finish := time.ticks()
 	println('Finish getting time ${finish - start} ms')
 	println(data.text)
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ fn vlang_time(mut wg sync.WaitGroup) ?string {
 
 fn remote_ip(mut wg sync.WaitGroup) ?string {
 	start := time.ticks()
-	data := http.get('https://api.ipify.org') ?
+	data := http.get('https://api.ipify.org')?
 	finish := time.ticks()
 	println('Finish getting ip ${finish - start} ms')
 	println(data.text)

examples/database/mysql.v

@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ fn main() {
 		password: ''
 		dbname: 'mysql'
 	}
-	conn.connect() ?
+	conn.connect()?
-	res := conn.query('show tables') ?
+	res := conn.query('show tables')?
 	for row in res.rows() {
 		println(row.vals.join(', '))
 	}

examples/database/sqlite.v

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import sqlite
 
 fn main() {
-	db := sqlite.connect(':memory:') ?
+	db := sqlite.connect(':memory:')?
 	db.exec("create table users (id integer primary key, name text default '');")
 
 	db.exec("insert into users (name) values ('Sam')")

examples/dynamic_library_loading/use.v

@@ -7,9 +7,9 @@ type FNAdder = fn (int, int) int
 
 fn main() {
 	library_file_path := os.join_path(os.getwd(), dl.get_libname('library'))
-	handle := dl.open_opt(library_file_path, dl.rtld_lazy) ?
+	handle := dl.open_opt(library_file_path, dl.rtld_lazy)?
 	eprintln('handle: ${ptr_str(handle)}')
-	f := FNAdder(dl.sym_opt(handle, 'add_1') ?)
+	f := FNAdder(dl.sym_opt(handle, 'add_1')?)
 	eprintln('f: ${ptr_str(f)}')
 	res := f(1, 2)
 	eprintln('res: $res')

examples/http_server.v

@@ -34,5 +34,5 @@ fn main() {
 	mut server := Server{
 		handler: ExampleHandler{}
 	}
-	server.listen_and_serve() ?
+	server.listen_and_serve()?
 }

examples/js_dom_cube/cube.js.v

@@ -348,19 +348,19 @@ fn animate(mut state State, time f64) {
 fn main() {
 	canvas, gl := get_webgl()
 
-	vertex_buffer := gl.createBuffer() ?
+	vertex_buffer := gl.createBuffer()?
 	gl.bindBuffer(dom.gl_array_buffer(), vertex_buffer)
 	gl.bufferData(dom.gl_array_buffer(), float32_array(vertices), dom.gl_static_draw())
 
-	color_buffer := gl.createBuffer() ?
+	color_buffer := gl.createBuffer()?
 	gl.bindBuffer(dom.gl_array_buffer(), color_buffer)
 	gl.bufferData(dom.gl_array_buffer(), float32_array(colors), dom.gl_static_draw())
 
-	index_buffer := gl.createBuffer() ?
+	index_buffer := gl.createBuffer()?
 	gl.bindBuffer(dom.gl_element_array_buffer(), index_buffer)
 	gl.bufferData(dom.gl_element_array_buffer(), uint16_array(indices), dom.gl_static_draw())
 
-	vert_shader := gl.createShader(dom.gl_vertex_shader()) ?
+	vert_shader := gl.createShader(dom.gl_vertex_shader())?
 	gl.shaderSource(vert_shader, vert_code.str)
 	gl.compileShader(vert_shader)
 
@@ -368,14 +368,14 @@ fn main() {
 		panic('An error occurred when compiling vertex shader: ${string(gl.getShaderInfoLog(vert_shader))}')
 	}
 
-	frag_shader := gl.createShader(dom.gl_fragment_shader()) ?
+	frag_shader := gl.createShader(dom.gl_fragment_shader())?
 	gl.shaderSource(frag_shader, frag_code.str)
 	gl.compileShader(frag_shader)
 	if !bool(JS.Boolean(gl.getShaderParameter(frag_shader, dom.gl_compile_status()))) {
 		panic('An error occurred when compiling fragment shader: ${string(gl.getShaderInfoLog(frag_shader))}')
 	}
 
-	shader_program := gl.createProgram() ?
+	shader_program := gl.createProgram()?
 	gl.attachShader(shader_program, vert_shader)
 	gl.attachShader(shader_program, frag_shader)
 	gl.linkProgram(shader_program)
@@ -384,9 +384,9 @@ fn main() {
 		panic('unable to initialize the shader program: ${string(gl.getProgramInfoLog(shader_program))}')
 	}
 
-	pmatrix := gl.getUniformLocation(shader_program, 'Pmatrix'.str) ?
+	pmatrix := gl.getUniformLocation(shader_program, 'Pmatrix'.str)?
-	vmatrix := gl.getUniformLocation(shader_program, 'Vmatrix'.str) ?
+	vmatrix := gl.getUniformLocation(shader_program, 'Vmatrix'.str)?
-	mmatrix := gl.getUniformLocation(shader_program, 'Mmatrix'.str) ?
+	mmatrix := gl.getUniformLocation(shader_program, 'Mmatrix'.str)?
 
 	gl.bindBuffer(dom.gl_array_buffer(), vertex_buffer)
 	position := gl.getAttribLocation(shader_program, 'position'.str)

examples/js_dom_draw/draw.js.v

@@ -32,10 +32,10 @@ mut:
 fn main() {
 	window := dom.window()
 	document := dom.document
-	clear_btn := document.getElementById('clearButton'.str) ?
+	clear_btn := document.getElementById('clearButton'.str)?
-	canvas_elem := document.getElementById('canvas'.str) ?
+	canvas_elem := document.getElementById('canvas'.str)?
 	canvas := get_canvas(canvas_elem)
-	ctx := canvas.getContext('2d'.str, js_undefined()) ?
+	ctx := canvas.getContext('2d'.str, js_undefined())?
 	context := match ctx {
 		JS.CanvasRenderingContext2D {
 			ctx

examples/net_peer_ip.v

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import net
 
-conn := net.dial_tcp('google.com:80') ?
+conn := net.dial_tcp('google.com:80')?
-peer_addr := conn.peer_addr() ?
+peer_addr := conn.peer_addr()?
 println('$peer_addr')

examples/net_raw_http.v

@@ -3,18 +3,18 @@ import io
 
 fn main() {
 	// Make a new connection
-	mut conn := net.dial_tcp('google.com:80') ?
+	mut conn := net.dial_tcp('google.com:80')?
 	defer {
 		conn.close() or {}
 	}
 
-	println(' peer: ${conn.peer_addr() ?}')
+	println(' peer: ${conn.peer_addr()?}')
-	println('local: ${conn.addr() ?}')
+	println('local: ${conn.addr()?}')
 
 	// Simple http HEAD request for a file
-	conn.write_string('HEAD /index.html HTTP/1.0\r\n\r\n') ?
+	conn.write_string('HEAD /index.html HTTP/1.0\r\n\r\n')?
 	// Read all the data that is waiting
-	result := io.read_all(reader: conn) ?
+	result := io.read_all(reader: conn)?
 	// Cast to string and print result
 	println(result.bytestr())
 }

examples/net_t.v

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import time
 
 fn send_request(mut wg sync.WaitGroup) ?string {
 	start := time.ticks()
-	data := http.get('https://google.com') ?
+	data := http.get('https://google.com')?
 	finish := time.ticks()
 	println('Finish getting time ${finish - start} ms')
 	wg.done()

examples/net_udp_server_and_client.v

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ fn main() {
 	mut buf := []u8{len: 100}
 	if is_server {
 		println('UDP echo server, listening for udp packets on port: $port')
-		mut c := net.listen_udp(':$port') ?
+		mut c := net.listen_udp(':$port')?
 		for {
 			read, addr := c.read(mut buf) or { continue }
 			println('received $read bytes from $addr')
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ fn main() {
 		}
 	} else {
 		println('UDP client, sending packets to port: ${port}.\nType `exit` to exit.')
-		mut c := net.dial_udp('localhost:$port') ?
+		mut c := net.dial_udp('localhost:$port')?
 		for {
 			mut line := os.input('client > ')
 			match line {
@@ -36,8 +36,8 @@ fn main() {
 				}
 				else {}
 			}
-			c.write_string(line) ?
+			c.write_string(line)?
-			read, _ := c.read(mut buf) ?
+			read, _ := c.read(mut buf)?
 			println('server : ' + buf[0..read].bytestr())
 		}
 	}

examples/pendulum-simulation/animation.v

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import sim.anim
 import sim.args as simargs
 
 fn main() {
-	args := simargs.parse_args(extra_workers: 1) ? as simargs.ParallelArgs
+	args := simargs.parse_args(extra_workers: 1)? as simargs.ParallelArgs
 
 	mut app := anim.new_app(args)
 	mut workers := []thread{cap: args.workers}

examples/pendulum-simulation/full.v

@@ -7,11 +7,11 @@ import sim.args as simargs
 import sim.img
 
 fn main() {
-	args := simargs.parse_args(extra_workers: 2) ? as simargs.ParallelArgs
+	args := simargs.parse_args(extra_workers: 2)? as simargs.ParallelArgs
 
 	img_settings := img.image_settings_from_grid(args.grid)
 
-	mut writer := img.ppm_writer_for_fname(args.filename, img_settings) ?
+	mut writer := img.ppm_writer_for_fname(args.filename, img_settings)?
 
 	mut app := anim.new_app(args)
 	mut workers := []thread{cap: args.workers + 1}

examples/pendulum-simulation/modules/sim/args/parser.v

@@ -33,10 +33,10 @@ pub type SimArgs = ParallelArgs | SequentialArgs
 
 pub fn parse_args(config ParserSettings) ?SimArgs {
 	if config.sequential {
-		args := parse_sequential_args() ?
+		args := parse_sequential_args()?
 		return SimArgs(args)
 	} else {
-		args := parse_parallel_args(config.extra_workers) ?
+		args := parse_parallel_args(config.extra_workers)?
 		return SimArgs(args)
 	}
 }
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ fn parse_sequential_args() ?SequentialArgs {
 	mut fp := flag.new_flag_parser(os.args)
 	fp.application('vps')
 	fp.version('v0.1.0')
-	fp.limit_free_args(0, 0) ?
+	fp.limit_free_args(0, 0)?
 	fp.description('This is a pendulum simulation written in pure V')
 	fp.skip_executable()
 
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ fn parse_parallel_args(extra_workers int) ?ParallelArgs {
 	mut fp := flag.new_flag_parser(os.args)
 	fp.application('vps')
 	fp.version('v0.1.0')
-	fp.limit_free_args(0, 0) ?
+	fp.limit_free_args(0, 0)?
 	fp.description('This is a pendulum simulation written in pure V')
 	fp.skip_executable()
 

examples/pendulum-simulation/modules/sim/img/ppm.v

@@ -44,19 +44,19 @@ pub fn ppm_writer_for_fname(fname string, settings ImageSettings) ?&PPMWriter {
 		cache_size: settings.cache_size
 		cache: []u8{cap: settings.cache_size}
 	}
-	writer.start_for_file(fname, settings) ?
+	writer.start_for_file(fname, settings)?
 	return writer
 }
 
 pub fn (mut writer PPMWriter) start_for_file(fname string, settings ImageSettings) ? {
-	writer.file = os.create(fname) ?
+	writer.file = os.create(fname)?
-	writer.file.writeln('P6 $settings.width $settings.height 255') ?
+	writer.file.writeln('P6 $settings.width $settings.height 255')?
 }
 
 pub fn (mut writer PPMWriter) handle_pixel(p gx.Color) ? {
 	if writer.cache.len >= writer.cache_size {
-		writer.write() ?
+		writer.write()?
-		writer.flush() ?
+		writer.flush()?
 	}
 	writer.cache << [p.r, p.g, p.b]
 }
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ pub fn (mut writer PPMWriter) flush() ? {
 }
 
 pub fn (mut writer PPMWriter) write() ? {
-	writer.file.write(writer.cache) ?
+	writer.file.write(writer.cache)?
 }
 
 pub fn (mut writer PPMWriter) close() {

examples/pendulum-simulation/parallel.v

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import sim.args as simargs
 import sim.img
 
 fn main() {
-	args := simargs.parse_args() ? as simargs.ParallelArgs
+	args := simargs.parse_args()? as simargs.ParallelArgs
 
 	img_settings := img.image_settings_from_grid(args.grid)
 
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ fn main() {
 	request_chan := chan &sim.SimRequest{cap: args.workers}
 	result_chan := chan &sim.SimResult{cap: args.workers}
 
-	mut writer := img.ppm_writer_for_fname(args.filename, img_settings) ?
+	mut writer := img.ppm_writer_for_fname(args.filename, img_settings)?
 	mut image_writer := img.new_image_writer(mut writer, img_settings)
 
 	mut workers := []thread{cap: args.workers}

examples/pendulum-simulation/parallel_with_iw.v

@@ -6,14 +6,14 @@ import sim.args as simargs
 import sim.img
 
 fn main() {
-	args := simargs.parse_args(extra_workers: 1) ? as simargs.ParallelArgs
+	args := simargs.parse_args(extra_workers: 1)? as simargs.ParallelArgs
 
 	img_settings := img.image_settings_from_grid(args.grid)
 
 	request_chan := chan &sim.SimRequest{cap: args.workers}
 	result_chan := chan &sim.SimResult{cap: args.workers}
 
-	mut writer := img.ppm_writer_for_fname(args.filename, img_settings) ?
+	mut writer := img.ppm_writer_for_fname(args.filename, img_settings)?
 
 	mut workers := []thread{cap: args.workers + 1}
 	mut bmark := benchmark.start()

examples/pendulum-simulation/sequential.v

@@ -6,14 +6,14 @@ import sim.args as simargs
 import sim.img
 
 fn main() {
-	args := simargs.parse_args(sequential: true) ? as simargs.SequentialArgs
+	args := simargs.parse_args(sequential: true)? as simargs.SequentialArgs
 
 	mut bmark := benchmark.start()
 	defer {
 		bmark.measure(@FN)
 	}
 
-	mut writer := img.ppm_writer_for_fname(args.filename, img.image_settings_from_grid(args.grid)) ?
+	mut writer := img.ppm_writer_for_fname(args.filename, img.image_settings_from_grid(args.grid))?
 	defer {
 		writer.close()
 	}
@@ -26,5 +26,5 @@ fn main() {
 
 	sim.run(args.params, grid: args.grid, on_request: sim.SimRequestHandler(handle_request))
 
-	writer.write() ?
+	writer.write()?
 }

examples/random_ips.v

@@ -2,6 +2,6 @@ import rand
 
 fn main() {
 	for _ in 0 .. 10 {
-		println('${rand.intn(255) ?}.${rand.intn(255) ?}.${rand.intn(255) ?}.${rand.intn(255) ?}')
+		println('${rand.intn(255)?}.${rand.intn(255)?}.${rand.intn(255)?}.${rand.intn(255)?}')
 	}
 }

examples/sokol/sounds/wav_player.v

@@ -12,10 +12,10 @@ mut:
 fn main() {
 	if os.args.len < 2 {
 		eprintln('Usage: play_wav file1.wav file2.wav ...')
-		play_sounds([os.resource_abs_path('uhoh.wav')]) ?
+		play_sounds([os.resource_abs_path('uhoh.wav')])?
 		exit(1)
 	}
-	play_sounds(os.args[1..]) ?
+	play_sounds(os.args[1..])?
 }
 
 fn play_sounds(files []string) ? {
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ fn play_sounds(files []string) ? {
 			eprintln('skipping "$f" (not a .wav file)')
 			continue
 		}
-		player.play_wav_file(f) ?
+		player.play_wav_file(f)?
 	}
 	player.stop()
 }
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ fn (mut p Player) stop() {
 
 fn (mut p Player) play_wav_file(fpath string) ? {
 	println('> play_wav_file: $fpath')
-	samples := read_wav_file_samples(fpath) ?
+	samples := read_wav_file_samples(fpath)?
 	p.finished = true
 	p.samples << samples
 	p.finished = false
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ struct RIFFFormat {
 fn read_wav_file_samples(fpath string) ?[]f32 {
 	mut res := []f32{}
 	// eprintln('> read_wav_file_samples: $fpath -------------------------------------------------')
-	mut bytes := os.read_bytes(fpath) ?
+	mut bytes := os.read_bytes(fpath)?
 	mut pbytes := &u8(bytes.data)
 	mut offset := u32(0)
 	rh := unsafe { &RIFFHeader(pbytes) }

examples/tcp_echo_server.v

@@ -9,11 +9,11 @@ import net
 // telnet 127.0.0.1 12345
 
 fn main() {
-	mut server := net.listen_tcp(.ip6, ':12345') ?
+	mut server := net.listen_tcp(.ip6, ':12345')?
-	laddr := server.addr() ?
+	laddr := server.addr()?
 	eprintln('Listen on $laddr ...')
 	for {
-		mut socket := server.accept() ?
+		mut socket := server.accept()?
 		go handle_client(mut socket)
 	}
 }

examples/tcp_notify_echo_server.v

@@ -14,21 +14,21 @@ fn main() {
 	}
 
 	// create TCP listener
-	mut listener := net.listen_tcp(.ip, 'localhost:9001') ?
+	mut listener := net.listen_tcp(.ip, 'localhost:9001')?
 	defer {
 		listener.close() or {}
 	}
-	addr := listener.addr() ?
+	addr := listener.addr()?
 	eprintln('Listening on $addr')
 	eprintln('Type `stop` to stop the server')
 
 	// create file descriptor notifier
-	mut notifier := notify.new() ?
+	mut notifier := notify.new()?
 	defer {
 		notifier.close() or {}
 	}
-	notifier.add(os.stdin().fd, .read) ?
+	notifier.add(os.stdin().fd, .read)?
-	notifier.add(listener.sock.handle, .read) ?
+	notifier.add(listener.sock.handle, .read)?
 
 	for {
 		for event in notifier.wait(time.infinite) {

examples/term.ui/cursor_chaser.v

@@ -96,5 +96,5 @@ fn main() {
 		event_fn: event
 		hide_cursor: true
 	)
-	app.tui.run() ?
+	app.tui.run()?
 }

examples/term.ui/event_viewer.v

@@ -43,5 +43,5 @@ fn main() {
 		use_alternate_buffer: false
 	)
 	println('V term.ui event viewer (press `esc` to exit)\n\n')
-	app.tui.run() ?
+	app.tui.run()?
 }

examples/term.ui/pong.v

@@ -495,5 +495,5 @@ fn main() {
 		hide_cursor: true
 		frame_rate: 60
 	)
-	app.tui.run() ?
+	app.tui.run()?
 }

examples/term.ui/rectangles.v

@@ -93,5 +93,5 @@ fn main() {
 		hide_cursor: true
 		frame_rate: 60
 	)
-	app.tui.run() ?
+	app.tui.run()?
 }

examples/term.ui/term_drawing.v

@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ fn main() {
 	app.mouse_pos.x = 40
 	app.mouse_pos.y = 15
 	app.ui.clear()
-	app.ui.run() ?
+	app.ui.run()?
 }
 
 fn frame(x voidptr) {

examples/term.ui/text_editor.v

@@ -649,5 +649,5 @@ fn main() {
 		event_fn: event
 		capture_events: true
 	)
-	a.tui.run() ?
+	a.tui.run()?
 }

examples/term.ui/vyper.v

@@ -471,5 +471,5 @@ fn main() {
 		hide_cursor: true
 		frame_rate: 10
 	)
-	app.termui.run() ?
+	app.termui.run()?
 }

examples/v_script.vsh

@@ -9,24 +9,24 @@ for _ in 0 .. 3 {
 }
 
 println('\nMaking dir "v_script_dir".')
-mkdir('v_script_dir') ?
+mkdir('v_script_dir')?
 
 println("\nEntering into v_script_dir and listing it's files.")
-chdir('v_script_dir') ?
+chdir('v_script_dir')?
 files := ls('.') or { panic(err) }
 println(files)
 
 println('\nCreating foo.txt')
-create('foo.txt') ?
+create('foo.txt')?
 
 println('\nFiles:')
 again_ls := ls('.') or { panic(err) }
 println(again_ls)
 
 println('\nRemoving foo.txt and v_script_dir')
-rm('foo.txt') ?
+rm('foo.txt')?
-chdir('../') ?
+chdir('../')?
-rmdir('v_script_dir') ?
+rmdir('v_script_dir')?
 
 print('\nDoes v_script_dir still exist? ')
 println(exists('v_script_dir'))

examples/viewer/file_scan.v

@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ fn (item_list Item_list) get_file_path() string {
 fn (mut item_list Item_list) scan_folder(path string, in_index int) ? {
 	println('Scanning [$path]')
 	mut folder_list := []string{}
-	lst := os.ls(path) ?
+	lst := os.ls(path)?
 
 	// manage the single files
 	for c, x in lst {
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ fn (mut item_list Item_list) scan_folder(path string, in_index int) ? {
 			if ext == .zip {
 				item.i_type = .zip
 				item_list.lst << item
-				item_list.scan_zip(pt, item_list.lst.len - 1) ?
+				item_list.scan_zip(pt, item_list.lst.len - 1)?
 				continue
 			}
 			if is_image(ext) == true {
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ fn (mut item_list Item_list) scan_folder(path string, in_index int) ? {
 			i_type: .folder
 		}
 		item_list.lst << item
-		item_list.scan_folder(pt, item_list.lst.len - 1) ?
+		item_list.scan_folder(pt, item_list.lst.len - 1)?
 	}
 	// println(item_list.lst.len)
 	// println("==================================")

examples/viewer/zip_container.v

@@ -13,12 +13,12 @@ import szip
 
 fn (mut il Item_list) scan_zip(path string, in_index int) ? {
 	println('Scanning ZIP [$path]')
-	mut zp := szip.open(path, szip.CompressionLevel.no_compression, szip.OpenMode.read_only) ?
+	mut zp := szip.open(path, szip.CompressionLevel.no_compression, szip.OpenMode.read_only)?
-	n_entries := zp.total() ?
+	n_entries := zp.total()?
 	// println(n_entries)
 	for index in 0 .. n_entries {
-		zp.open_entry_by_index(index) ?
+		zp.open_entry_by_index(index)?
-		is_dir := zp.is_dir() ?
+		is_dir := zp.is_dir()?
 		name := zp.name()
 		size := zp.size()
 		// println("$index ${name} ${size:10} $is_dir")
@@ -58,15 +58,15 @@ fn (mut app App) load_texture_from_zip() ?(gfx.Image, int, int) {
 		}
 		app.zip_index = item.container_index
 		// println("Opening the zip [${item.path}]")
-		app.zip = szip.open(item.path, szip.CompressionLevel.no_compression, szip.OpenMode.read_only) ?
+		app.zip = szip.open(item.path, szip.CompressionLevel.no_compression, szip.OpenMode.read_only)?
 	}
 	// println("Now get the image")
-	app.zip.open_entry_by_index(item.container_item_index) ?
+	app.zip.open_entry_by_index(item.container_item_index)?
 	zip_entry_size := int(item.size)
 
 	app.resize_buf_if_needed(zip_entry_size)
 
-	app.zip.read_entry_buf(app.mem_buf, app.mem_buf_size) ?
+	app.zip.read_entry_buf(app.mem_buf, app.mem_buf_size)?
 	app.zip.close_entry()
 	return app.load_texture_from_buffer(app.mem_buf, zip_entry_size)
 }

examples/vpwgen.v

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ fn main() {
 	for _ in 0 .. repeats {
 		mut sb := strings.new_builder(blocksize)
 		for {
-			x := rand.read(blocksize) ?
+			x := rand.read(blocksize)?
 			for c in x {
 				if c >= `0` && c <= `~` {
 					sb.write_u8(c)

examples/vweb/vweb_assets/vweb_assets.v

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ fn main() {
 	mut app := &App{}
 	app.serve_static('/favicon.ico', 'favicon.ico')
 	// Automatically make available known static mime types found in given directory.
-	os.chdir(os.dir(os.executable())) ?
+	os.chdir(os.dir(os.executable()))?
 	app.handle_static('assets', true)
 	vweb.run(app, port)
 }

examples/websocket/client-server/client.v

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import term
 // it connects to the server who will broadcast your messages
 // to all other connected clients
 fn main() {
-	mut ws := start_client() ?
+	mut ws := start_client()?
 	println(term.green('client $ws.id ready'))
 	println('Write message and enter to send...')
 	for {
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ fn main() {
 		if line == '' {
 			break
 		}
-		ws.write_string(line) ?
+		ws.write_string(line)?
 	}
 	ws.close(1000, 'normal') or { println(term.red('panicing $err')) }
 	unsafe {
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ fn main() {
 }
 
 fn start_client() ?&websocket.Client {
-	mut ws := websocket.new_client('ws://localhost:30000') ?
+	mut ws := websocket.new_client('ws://localhost:30000')?
 	// mut ws := websocket.new_client('wss://echo.websocket.org:443')?
 	// use on_open_ref if you want to send any reference object
 	ws.on_open(fn (mut ws websocket.Client) ? {

examples/websocket/client-server/server.v

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import term
 // this server accepts client connections and broadcast all messages to other connected clients
 fn main() {
 	println('press ctrl-c to quit...')
-	start_server() ?
+	start_server()?
 }
 
 fn start_server() ? {
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ fn start_server() ? {
 			return false
 		}
 		return true
-	}) ?
+	})?
 
 	// on_message_ref, broadcast all incoming messages to all clients except the one sent it
 	s.on_message_ref(fn (mut ws websocket.Client, msg &websocket.Message, mut m websocket.Server) ? {

examples/websocket/ping.v

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ fn start_server() ? {
 			return false
 		}
 		return true
-	}) ?
+	})?
 	s.on_message(fn (mut ws websocket.Client, msg &websocket.Message) ? {
 		ws.write(msg.payload, msg.opcode) or { panic(err) }
 	})
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ fn start_server() ? {
 // start_client starts the websocket client, it writes a message to
 // the server and prints all the messages received
 fn start_client() ? {
-	mut ws := websocket.new_client('ws://localhost:30000') ?
+	mut ws := websocket.new_client('ws://localhost:30000')?
 	// mut ws := websocket.new_client('wss://echo.websocket.org:443')?
 	// use on_open_ref if you want to send any reference object
 	ws.on_open(fn (mut ws websocket.Client) ? {
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ fn start_client() ? {
 	})
 	// you can add any pointer reference to use in callback
 	// t := TestRef{count: 10}
-	// ws.on_message_ref(fn (mut ws websocket.Client, msg &websocket.Message, r &SomeRef)? {
+	// ws.on_message_ref(fn (mut ws websocket.Client, msg &websocket.Message, r &SomeRef) ? {
 	// // println('type: $msg.opcode payload:\n$msg.payload ref: $r')
 	// }, &r)
 	ws.connect() or { println('error on connect: $err') }

thirdparty/stdatomic/nix/cpp/gen.v

@@ -85,15 +85,15 @@ fn find_file(search_paths []string, file string) ?string {
 }
 
 fn patch_atomic(outfile string, infile string) ? {
-	lines := os.read_file(infile) ?.split('\n')
+	lines := os.read_file(infile)?.split('\n')
 	outlines := lines.filter(!it.contains('atomic(const atomic&) = delete;'))
 	outtext := outlines.join('\n').replace('#include <bits/atomic_base.h>', '#include "bitsatomicbase.h"')
-	os.write_file(outfile, outtext) ?
+	os.write_file(outfile, outtext)?
 }
 
 fn patch_bitsatomicbase(outfile string, infile string) ? {
-	lines := os.read_file(infile) ?.split('\n')
+	lines := os.read_file(infile)?.split('\n')
 	outlines := lines.filter(!it.contains('__atomic_base(const __atomic_base&) = delete;'))
 	outtext := outlines.join('\n').replace('#include <bits/atomic_base.h>', '#include "bitsatomicbase.h"')
-	os.write_file(outfile, outtext) ?
+	os.write_file(outfile, outtext)?
 }

tutorials/building_a_simple_web_blog_with_vweb/README.md

@@ -5,21 +5,21 @@ Hello,
 In this guide, we'll build a simple web blog in V.
 
 The benefits of using V for web:
+
 - A safe, fast, language with the development agility of Python or Ruby and
-the performance of C.
+  the performance of C.
 - Zero dependencies: everything you need for web development comes with the language
-in a 1 MB package.
+  in a 1 MB package.
 - Very small resulting binaries: the blog we'll create in this tutorial is about 150 KB.
 - Easy deployments: a single binary file that even includes the precompiled templates.
 - Runs on the cheapest hardware with minimum footprint: for most apps a $3 instance
-is enough.
+  is enough.
 - Fast development without any boilerplate.
 
-*Please note that V and Vweb are at a very early stage and are changing rapidly.*
+_Please note that V and Vweb are at a very early stage and are changing rapidly._
 
 The code is available <a href='https://github.com/vlang/v/tree/master/tutorials/code/blog'>here</a>.
 
-
 ### Installing V
 
 ```
@@ -32,17 +32,15 @@ sudo ./v symlink
 Now V should be globally available on your system.
 
 > On macOS use `v_macos.zip`, on Windows - `v_windows.zip`.
-If you use a BSD system, Solaris, Android, or simply want to install V
+> If you use a BSD system, Solaris, Android, or simply want to install V
-from source, follow the simple instructions here:
+> from source, follow the simple instructions here:
-https://github.com/vlang/v#installing-v-from-source
+> https://github.com/vlang/v#installing-v-from-source
-
 
 ### Install SQLite development dependency
 
 If you don't have it already installed, look at the
 [`sqlite` README](../../vlib/sqlite/README.md) for instructions.
 
-
 ### Creating a new Vweb project
 
 V projects can be created anywhere and don't need to have a certain structure:
@@ -94,7 +92,6 @@ with an MVC web framework, you can think of it as a controller. (Vweb is
 not an MVC framework however.) It embeds the vweb Context object, that's why we get access
 to methods like `.text()`.
 
-
 As you can see, there are no routing rules. The `index()` action handles the `/` request by default.
 Vweb often uses convention over configuration and adding a new action requires
 no routing rules either:
@@ -109,29 +106,27 @@ fn (mut app App) time() vweb.Result {
 }
 ```
 
-
 <img width=662 src="https://github.com/vlang/v/blob/master/tutorials/building_a_simple_web_blog_with_vweb/img/time.png?raw=true">
 
->TIP: run the following command to live-reload the server: `v watch run blog.v`
+> TIP: run the following command to live-reload the server: `v watch run blog.v`
 
 The `.text(string)` method returns a plain text document with the provided
 text, which isn't frequently used in websites.
 
-
 ### HTML View
 
 Let's return an HTML view instead. Create `index.html` in the same directory:
 
 ```html
 <html>
-<head>
+  <head>
     <title>V Blog</title>
-</head>
+  </head>
-<body>
+  <body>
     <b>@message</b>
-	<br>
+    <br />
-	<img src='https://vlang.io/img/v-logo.png' width=100>
+    <img src="https://vlang.io/img/v-logo.png" width="100" />
-</body>
+  </body>
 </html>
 ```
 
@@ -169,14 +164,13 @@ that's done by the `$vweb.html()` line.
 (`$` always means compile time actions in V.) offering the following benefits:
 
 - Great performance, since the templates don't need to be compiled
-on every request, like in almost every major web framework.
+  on every request, like in almost every major web framework.
 
 - Easier deployment, since all your HTML templates are compiled
-into a single binary file together with the web application itself.
+  into a single binary file together with the web application itself.
 
 - All errors in the templates are guaranteed to be caught during compilation.
 
-
 ### Fetching data with V ORM
 
 Now let's display some articles!
@@ -184,7 +178,6 @@ Now let's display some articles!
 We'll be using V's builtin ORM and a SQLite database.
 (V ORM will also support MySQL, Postgre, and SQL Server soon.)
 
-
 Add a SQLite handle to `App`:
 
 ```v oksyntax
@@ -199,14 +192,11 @@ pub mut:
 }
 ```
 
-
-
 In `fn main()` we'll connect to a database.
 Code in the `main()` function is run only once during app's startup, so we are going
 to have one DB connection for all requests. This improves the performance of the web application,
 since a DB connection doesn't have to be set up for each request.
 
-
 ```v oksyntax
 // blog.v
 fn main() {
@@ -268,14 +258,13 @@ pub fn (app &App) index() vweb.Result {
 }
 ```
 
-
 Finally, let's update our view:
 
 ```html
 <body>
   @for article in articles
   <div>
-			<b>@article.title</b> <br>
+    <b>@article.title</b> <br />
     @article.text
   </div>
   @end
@@ -323,23 +312,22 @@ article := app.retrieve_article(10) or {
 }
 ```
 
-
 ### Adding new articles
 
 Create `new.html`:
 
 ```html
 <html>
-<head>
+  <head>
     <title>V Blog</title>
-</head>
+  </head>
-<body>
+  <body>
-	<form action='/new_article' method='post'>
+    <form action="/new_article" method="post">
-		<input type='text' placeholder='Title' name='title'> <br>
+      <input type="text" placeholder="Title" name="title" /> <br />
-		<textarea placeholder='Text' name='text'></textarea>
+      <textarea placeholder="Text" name="text"></textarea>
-		<input type='submit'>
+      <input type="submit" />
     </form>
-</body>
+  </body>
 </html>
 ```
 
@@ -373,7 +361,7 @@ not necessary).
 We need to update `index.html` to add a link to the "new article" page:
 
 ```html
-<a href='/new'>New article</a>
+<a href="/new">New article</a>
 ```
 
 Next we need to add the HTML endpoint to our code like we did with `index.html`:
@@ -387,7 +375,6 @@ pub fn (mut app App) new() vweb.Result {
 
 Re-running this code will now allow us to add new posts to our blog endpoint
 
-
 ### JSON endpoints
 
 This tutorial used the traditional server-side rendering. If you prefer
@@ -406,10 +393,10 @@ pub fn (mut app App) articles() vweb.Result {
 }
 ```
 
-
 <img width=662 src="https://github.com/vlang/v/blob/master/tutorials/building_a_simple_web_blog_with_vweb/img/articles_json.png?raw=true">
 
 ### Persistent data
+
 If one wants to persist data they need to use a file instead of memory SQLite Database.
 Replace the db setup code with this instead:
 
@@ -422,7 +409,6 @@ If the database file doesn't exist it will create it. The second command will
 create the table `Article` if none exists already. Now every time the
 app is run you will see the articles created from the previous executions
 
-
 To be continued...
 
 For an example of a more sophisticated web app written in V, check out Vorum: https://github.com/vlang/vorum

vlib/arrays/README.md

@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ import arrays
 
 fn main() {
 	a := [1, 5, 7, 0, 9]
-	assert arrays.min(a) ? == 0
+	assert arrays.min(a)? == 0
-	assert arrays.max(a) ? == 9
+	assert arrays.max(a)? == 9
-	assert arrays.idx_min(a) ? == 3
+	assert arrays.idx_min(a)? == 3
 }
 ```

vlib/arrays/arrays.v

@@ -369,7 +369,7 @@ pub fn upper_bound<T>(arr []T, val T) ?T {
 // binary search, requires `arr` to be sorted, returns index of found item or error.
 // Binary searches on sorted lists can be faster than other array searches because at maximum
 // the algorithm only has to traverse log N elements
-// Example: arrays.binary_search([1, 2, 3, 4], 4) ? // => 3
+// Example: arrays.binary_search([1, 2, 3, 4], 4)? // => 3
 pub fn binary_search<T>(arr []T, target T) ?int {
 	mut left := 0
 	mut right := arr.len - 1

vlib/arrays/arrays_test.v

@@ -2,61 +2,61 @@ module arrays
 
 fn test_min() ? {
 	a := [8, 2, 6, 4]
-	mut ri := min(a) ?
+	mut ri := min(a)?
 	assert ri == 2
-	ri = min(a[2..]) ?
+	ri = min(a[2..])?
 	assert ri == 4
 	b := [f32(5.1), 3.1, 1.1, 9.1]
-	mut rf := min(b) ?
+	mut rf := min(b)?
 	assert rf == f32(1.1)
-	rf = min(b[..2]) ?
+	rf = min(b[..2])?
 	assert rf == f32(3.1)
 	c := [u8(4), 9, 3, 1]
-	mut rb := min(c) ?
+	mut rb := min(c)?
 	assert rb == u8(1)
-	rb = min(c[..3]) ?
+	rb = min(c[..3])?
 	assert rb == u8(3)
 }
 
 fn test_max() ? {
 	a := [8, 2, 6, 4]
-	mut ri := max(a) ?
+	mut ri := max(a)?
 	assert ri == 8
-	ri = max(a[1..]) ?
+	ri = max(a[1..])?
 	assert ri == 6
 	b := [f32(5.1), 3.1, 1.1, 9.1]
-	mut rf := max(b) ?
+	mut rf := max(b)?
 	assert rf == f32(9.1)
-	rf = max(b[..3]) ?
+	rf = max(b[..3])?
 	assert rf == f32(5.1)
 	c := [u8(4), 9, 3, 1]
-	mut rb := max(c) ?
+	mut rb := max(c)?
 	assert rb == u8(9)
-	rb = max(c[2..]) ?
+	rb = max(c[2..])?
 	assert rb == u8(3)
 }
 
 fn test_idx_min() ? {
 	a := [8, 2, 6, 4]
-	ri := idx_min(a) ?
+	ri := idx_min(a)?
 	assert ri == 1
 	b := [f32(5.1), 3.1, 1.1, 9.1]
-	rf := idx_min(b) ?
+	rf := idx_min(b)?
 	assert rf == 2
 	c := [u8(4), 9, 3, 1]
-	rb := idx_min(c) ?
+	rb := idx_min(c)?
 	assert rb == 3
 }
 
 fn test_idx_max() ? {
 	a := [8, 2, 6, 4]
-	ri := idx_max(a) ?
+	ri := idx_max(a)?
 	assert ri == 0
 	b := [f32(5.1), 3.1, 1.1, 9.1]
-	rf := idx_max(b) ?
+	rf := idx_max(b)?
 	assert rf == 3
 	c := [u8(4), 9, 3, 1]
-	rb := idx_max(c) ?
+	rb := idx_max(c)?
 	assert rb == 1
 }
 
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ fn test_concat_string() {
 
 fn test_binary_search() ? {
 	a := [1, 3, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10]
-	assert binary_search(a, 3) ? == 1
+	assert binary_search(a, 3)? == 1
 	assert (binary_search(a, 0) or { -1 }) == -1
 }
 
@@ -205,18 +205,18 @@ fn test_lower_bound() ? {
 	a := [1, 3, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10]
 	b := []int{}
 	c := [1, 2, 3]
-	assert lower_bound(a, 2) ? == 3
+	assert lower_bound(a, 2)? == 3
 	assert (lower_bound(b, 4) or { -1 }) == -1
-	assert lower_bound(c, 3) ? == 3
+	assert lower_bound(c, 3)? == 3
 }
 
 fn test_upper_bound() ? {
 	a := [1, 3, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10]
 	b := []int{}
 	c := [1, 2, 3]
-	assert upper_bound(a, 9) ? == 8
+	assert upper_bound(a, 9)? == 8
 	assert (upper_bound(b, 4) or { -1 }) == -1
-	assert upper_bound(c, 2) ? == 2
+	assert upper_bound(c, 2)? == 2
 }
 
 fn test_rotate_right() {

vlib/builtin/int.v

@@ -556,7 +556,7 @@ pub fn (b []u8) bytestr() string {
 // it will produce an error if there are more than
 // four bytes in the array.
 pub fn (b []u8) byterune() ?rune {
-	r := b.utf8_to_utf32() ?
+	r := b.utf8_to_utf32()?
 	return rune(r)
 }
 

vlib/builtin/js/jsfns_browser.js.v

@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ fn JS.moveBy(int, int)
 fn JS.moveTo(int, int)
 fn JS.msWriteProfilerMark(string)
 
-// fn JS.open(string, string, string, bool) ?Window
+// fn JS.open(string, string, string, bool)?Window
 // fn JS.postMessage(any, string, []Transferable)
 fn JS.print()
 fn JS.prompt(string, string) ?string

vlib/builtin/string_test.v

@@ -145,15 +145,15 @@ fn test_ranges() {
 }
 
 fn ranges_propagate_first(s string) ?string {
-	return s[10..] ?
+	return s[10..]?
 }
 
 fn ranges_propagate_last(s string) ?string {
-	return s[..20] ?
+	return s[..20]?
 }
 
 fn ranges_propagate_both(s string) ?string {
-	return s[1..20] ?
+	return s[1..20]?
 }
 
 fn test_split_nth() {

vlib/cli/command_test.v

@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ fn test_if_command_has_default_version_subcommand_if_version_is_set() {
 }
 
 fn flag_should_be_set(cmd cli.Command) ? {
-	flag := cmd.flags.get_string('flag') ?
+	flag := cmd.flags.get_string('flag')?
 	assert flag == 'value'
 }
 
@@ -96,9 +96,9 @@ fn test_if_flag_gets_set_with_long_arg() {
 }
 
 fn flag_should_have_value_of_42(cmd cli.Command) ? {
-	flag := cmd.flags.get_string('flag') ?
+	flag := cmd.flags.get_string('flag')?
 	assert flag == 'value'
-	value := cmd.flags.get_int('value') ?
+	value := cmd.flags.get_int('value')?
 	assert value == 42
 }
 

vlib/cli/flag.v

@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ pub fn (flag Flag) get_bool() ?bool {
 // get_bool returns `true` if the flag specified in `name` is set.
 // get_bool returns an error if the `FlagType` is not boolean.
 pub fn (flags []Flag) get_bool(name string) ?bool {
-	flag := flags.get(name) ?
+	flag := flags.get(name)?
 	return flag.get_bool()
 }
 
@@ -100,14 +100,14 @@ pub fn (flag Flag) get_ints() ?[]int {
 // get_int returns the `int` value argument of the flag specified in `name`.
 // get_int returns an error if the `FlagType` is not integer.
 pub fn (flags []Flag) get_int(name string) ?int {
-	flag := flags.get(name) ?
+	flag := flags.get(name)?
 	return flag.get_int()
 }
 
 // get_ints returns the array of `int` value argument of the flag specified in `name`.
 // get_ints returns an error if the `FlagType` is not integer.
 pub fn (flags []Flag) get_ints(name string) ?[]int {
-	flag := flags.get(name) ?
+	flag := flags.get(name)?
 	return flag.get_ints()
 }
 
@@ -152,14 +152,14 @@ pub fn (flag Flag) get_floats() ?[]f64 {
 // get_float returns the `f64` value argument of the flag specified in `name`.
 // get_float returns an error if the `FlagType` is not floating point.
 pub fn (flags []Flag) get_float(name string) ?f64 {
-	flag := flags.get(name) ?
+	flag := flags.get(name)?
 	return flag.get_float()
 }
 
 // get_floats returns the array of `f64` value argument of the flag specified in `name`.
 // get_floats returns an error if the `FlagType` is not floating point.
 pub fn (flags []Flag) get_floats(name string) ?[]f64 {
-	flag := flags.get(name) ?
+	flag := flags.get(name)?
 	return flag.get_floats()
 }
 
@@ -198,14 +198,14 @@ pub fn (flag Flag) get_strings() ?[]string {
 // get_string returns the `string` value argument of the flag specified in `name`.
 // get_string returns an error if the `FlagType` is not string.
 pub fn (flags []Flag) get_string(name string) ?string {
-	flag := flags.get(name) ?
+	flag := flags.get(name)?
 	return flag.get_string()
 }
 
 // get_strings returns the `string` value argument of the flag specified in `name`.
 // get_strings returns an error if the `FlagType` is not string.
 pub fn (flags []Flag) get_strings(name string) ?[]string {
-	flag := flags.get(name) ?
+	flag := flags.get(name)?
 	return flag.get_strings()
 }
 
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ pub fn (flags []Flag) get_strings(name string) ?[]string {
 fn (mut flag Flag) parse(args []string, posix_mode bool) ?[]string {
 	if flag.matches(args, posix_mode) {
 		if flag.flag == .bool {
-			new_args := flag.parse_bool(args) ?
+			new_args := flag.parse_bool(args)?
 			return new_args
 		} else {
 			if flag.value.len > 0 && flag.flag != .int_array && flag.flag != .float_array
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ fn (mut flag Flag) parse(args []string, posix_mode bool) ?[]string {
 				return error('The argument `$flag.name` accept only one value!')
 			}
 
-			new_args := flag.parse_raw(args) ?
+			new_args := flag.parse_raw(args)?
 			return new_args
 		}
 	} else {

vlib/compress/zlib/README.md

@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ import compress.zlib
 
 fn main() {
 	uncompressed := 'Hello world!'
-	compressed := zlib.compress(uncompressed.bytes()) ?
+	compressed := zlib.compress(uncompressed.bytes())?
-	decompressed := zlib.decompress(compressed) ?
+	decompressed := zlib.decompress(compressed)?
 	assert decompressed == uncompressed.bytes()
 }
 ```

vlib/compress/zlib/zlib.v

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ fn C.tdefl_compress_mem_to_heap(source_buf voidptr, source_buf_len usize, out_le
 fn C.tinfl_decompress_mem_to_heap(source_buf voidptr, source_buf_len usize, out_len &usize, flags int) voidptr
 
 // compresses an array of bytes using zlib and returns the compressed bytes in a new array
-// Example: compressed := zlib.compress(b) ?
+// Example: compressed := zlib.compress(b)?
 [manualfree]
 pub fn compress(data []u8) ?[]u8 {
 	if u64(data.len) > zlib.max_size {
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ pub fn compress(data []u8) ?[]u8 {
 }
 
 // decompresses an array of bytes using zlib and returns the decompressed bytes in a new array
-// Example: decompressed := zlib.decompress(b) ?
+// Example: decompressed := zlib.decompress(b)?
 [manualfree]
 pub fn decompress(data []u8) ?[]u8 {
 	mut out_len := usize(0)

vlib/compress/zlib/zlib_test.v

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ module zlib
 
 fn test_zlib() ? {
 	uncompressed := 'Hello world!'
-	compressed := compress(uncompressed.bytes()) ?
+	compressed := compress(uncompressed.bytes())?
-	decompressed := decompress(compressed) ?
+	decompressed := decompress(compressed)?
 	assert decompressed == uncompressed.bytes()
 }

vlib/context/cancel.v

@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ fn parent_cancel_context(mut parent Context) ?&CancelContext {
 	if done.closed {
 		return none
 	}
-	mut p := parent.value(cancel_context_key) ?
+	mut p := parent.value(cancel_context_key)?
 	match mut p {
 		CancelContext {
 			pdone := p.done()

vlib/crypto/README.md

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ import crypto.rand
 
 fn main() {
 	// remember to save this key somewhere if you ever want to decrypt your data
-	key := rand.bytes(32) ?
+	key := rand.bytes(32)?
 	println('KEY: $key')
 
 	// this data is one block (16 bytes) big

vlib/crypto/ed25519/ed25519.v

@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ pub fn (priv PrivateKey) sign(message []u8) ?[]u8 {
 // sign`signs the message with privatekey and returns a signature
 pub fn sign(privatekey PrivateKey, message []u8) ?[]u8 {
 	mut signature := []u8{len: ed25519.signature_size}
-	sign_generic(mut signature, privatekey, message) ?
+	sign_generic(mut signature, privatekey, message)?
 	return signature
 }
 
@@ -74,31 +74,31 @@ fn sign_generic(mut signature []u8, privatekey []u8, message []u8) ? {
 
 	mut h := sha512.sum512(seed)
 	mut s := edwards25519.new_scalar()
-	s.set_bytes_with_clamping(h[..32]) ?
+	s.set_bytes_with_clamping(h[..32])?
 	mut prefix := h[32..]
 
 	mut mh := sha512.new()
-	mh.write(prefix) ?
+	mh.write(prefix)?
-	mh.write(message) ?
+	mh.write(message)?
 
 	mut msg_digest := []u8{cap: sha512.size}
 	msg_digest = mh.sum(msg_digest)
 
 	mut r := edwards25519.new_scalar()
-	r.set_uniform_bytes(msg_digest) ?
+	r.set_uniform_bytes(msg_digest)?
 
 	mut rr := edwards25519.Point{}
 	rr.scalar_base_mult(mut r)
 
 	mut kh := sha512.new()
-	kh.write(rr.bytes()) ?
+	kh.write(rr.bytes())?
-	kh.write(publickey) ?
+	kh.write(publickey)?
-	kh.write(message) ?
+	kh.write(message)?
 
 	mut hram_digest := []u8{cap: sha512.size}
 	hram_digest = kh.sum(hram_digest)
 	mut k := edwards25519.new_scalar()
-	k.set_uniform_bytes(hram_digest) ?
+	k.set_uniform_bytes(hram_digest)?
 
 	mut ss := edwards25519.new_scalar()
 	ss.multiply_add(k, s, r)
@@ -118,21 +118,21 @@ pub fn verify(publickey PublicKey, message []u8, sig []u8) ?bool {
 	}
 
 	mut aa := edwards25519.Point{}
-	aa.set_bytes(publickey) ?
+	aa.set_bytes(publickey)?
 
 	mut kh := sha512.new()
-	kh.write(sig[..32]) ?
+	kh.write(sig[..32])?
-	kh.write(publickey) ?
+	kh.write(publickey)?
-	kh.write(message) ?
+	kh.write(message)?
 
 	mut hram_digest := []u8{cap: sha512.size}
 	hram_digest = kh.sum(hram_digest)
 
 	mut k := edwards25519.new_scalar()
-	k.set_uniform_bytes(hram_digest) ?
+	k.set_uniform_bytes(hram_digest)?
 
 	mut ss := edwards25519.new_scalar()
-	ss.set_canonical_bytes(sig[32..]) ?
+	ss.set_canonical_bytes(sig[32..])?
 
 	// [S]B = R + [k]A --> [k](-A) + [S]B = R
 	mut minus_a := edwards25519.Point{}
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ pub fn verify(publickey PublicKey, message []u8, sig []u8) ?bool {
 
 // generate_key generates a public/private key pair entropy using `crypto.rand`.
 pub fn generate_key() ?(PublicKey, PrivateKey) {
-	mut seed := rand.bytes(ed25519.seed_size) ?
+	mut seed := rand.bytes(ed25519.seed_size)?
 
 	privatekey := new_key_from_seed(seed)
 	mut publickey := []u8{len: ed25519.public_key_size}

vlib/crypto/ed25519/examples/example.v

@@ -8,11 +8,11 @@ import crypto.ed25519
 fn main() {
 	msg := 'Hello Girl'
 
-	publ, priv := ed25519.generate_key() ?
+	publ, priv := ed25519.generate_key()?
 
 	m := msg.bytes()
 
-	sig := ed25519.sign(priv, m) ?
+	sig := ed25519.sign(priv, m)?
 
 	println('=== Message ===')
 	println('Msg: $msg \nHash: $m')
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ fn main() {
 	println('signature: R=${sig[0..32].hex()} s=${sig[32..64].hex()}')
 	println('   signature (Base64)=${base64.encode(sig)}')
 
-	rtn := ed25519.verify(publ, m, sig) ?
+	rtn := ed25519.verify(publ, m, sig)?
 
 	if rtn {
 		println('Signature verified :$rtn')

vlib/crypto/ed25519/internal/ed25519_test.v

@@ -29,20 +29,20 @@ fn (z ZeroReader) read(mut buf []u8) ?int {
 
 fn test_sign_verify() ? {
 	// mut zero := ZeroReader{}
-	public, private := ed25519.generate_key() ?
+	public, private := ed25519.generate_key()?
 
 	message := 'test message'.bytes()
-	sig := ed25519.sign(private, message) ?
+	sig := ed25519.sign(private, message)?
 	res := ed25519.verify(public, message, sig) or { false }
 	assert res == true
 
 	wrongmessage := 'wrong message'.bytes()
-	res2 := ed25519.verify(public, wrongmessage, sig) ?
+	res2 := ed25519.verify(public, wrongmessage, sig)?
 	assert res2 == false
 }
 
 fn test_equal() ? {
-	public, private := ed25519.generate_key() ?
+	public, private := ed25519.generate_key()?
 
 	assert public.equal(public) == true
 
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ fn test_equal() ? {
 	}*/
 	assert private.equal(private) == true
 
-	otherpub, otherpriv := ed25519.generate_key() ?
+	otherpub, otherpriv := ed25519.generate_key()?
 	assert public.equal(otherpub) == false
 
 	assert private.equal(otherpriv) == false
@@ -174,10 +174,10 @@ fn test_input_from_djb_ed25519_crypto_sign_input_without_syncpool() ? {
 			lg.fatal('not contains len 5')
 		}*/
 		assert parts.len == 5
-		privbytes := hex.decode(parts[0]) ?
+		privbytes := hex.decode(parts[0])?
-		pubkey := hex.decode(parts[1]) ?
+		pubkey := hex.decode(parts[1])?
-		msg := hex.decode(parts[2]) ?
+		msg := hex.decode(parts[2])?
-		mut sig := hex.decode(parts[3]) ?
+		mut sig := hex.decode(parts[3])?
 		assert pubkey.len == public_key_size
 
 		sig = sig[..signature_size]
@@ -185,10 +185,10 @@ fn test_input_from_djb_ed25519_crypto_sign_input_without_syncpool() ? {
 		copy(mut priv[..], privbytes)
 		copy(mut priv[32..], pubkey)
 
-		sig2 := ed25519.sign(priv[..], msg) ?
+		sig2 := ed25519.sign(priv[..], msg)?
 		assert sig == sig2[..]
 
-		res := ed25519.verify(pubkey, msg, sig2) ?
+		res := ed25519.verify(pubkey, msg, sig2)?
 		assert res == true
 
 		priv2 := new_key_from_seed(priv[..32])

vlib/crypto/ed25519/internal/edwards25519/element_test.v

@@ -188,9 +188,9 @@ fn test_sqrt_ratio() ? {
 		mut elw := Element{}
 		mut elg := Element{}
 
-		u := elu.set_bytes(hex.decode(tt.u) ?) ?
+		u := elu.set_bytes(hex.decode(tt.u)?)?
-		v := elv.set_bytes(hex.decode(tt.v) ?) ?
+		v := elv.set_bytes(hex.decode(tt.v)?)?
-		want := elw.set_bytes(hex.decode(tt.r) ?) ?
+		want := elw.set_bytes(hex.decode(tt.r)?)?
 		mut got, was_square := elg.sqrt_ratio(u, v)
 
 		assert got.equal(want) != 0
@@ -204,9 +204,9 @@ fn test_sqrt_ratio() ? {
 fn test_set_bytes_normal() ? {
 	for i in 0 .. 15 {
 		mut el := Element{}
-		mut random_inp := rand.bytes(32) ?
+		mut random_inp := rand.bytes(32)?
 
-		el = el.set_bytes(random_inp.clone()) ?
+		el = el.set_bytes(random_inp.clone())?
 		random_inp[random_inp.len - 1] &= (1 << 7) - 1
 		// assert f1(random_inp, el) == true
 
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ fn test_set_bytes_from_dalek_test_vectors() ? {
 	for _, mut tt in tests {
 		b := tt.fe.bytes()
 		mut el := Element{}
-		mut fe := el.set_bytes(tt.b) ?
+		mut fe := el.set_bytes(tt.b)?
 
 		assert b == tt.b
 		assert fe.equal(tt.fe) == 1
@@ -280,7 +280,7 @@ fn test_invert() ? {
 	assert one == r
 	bytes := rand.bytes(32) or { return err }
 
-	x.set_bytes(bytes) ?
+	x.set_bytes(bytes)?
 
 	xinv.invert(x)
 	r.multiply(x, xinv)
@@ -369,20 +369,20 @@ fn (mut v Element) from_big_integer(n big.Integer) ?Element {
 	}
 	mut bytes, _ := n.bytes()
 	swap_endianness(mut bytes) // SHOULD I SWAP IT?
-	v.set_bytes(bytes) ?
+	v.set_bytes(bytes)?
 
 	return v
 }
 
 fn (mut v Element) from_decimal_string(s string) ?Element {
-	num := big.integer_from_string(s) ?
+	num := big.integer_from_string(s)?
 
-	v = v.from_big_integer(num) ?
+	v = v.from_big_integer(num)?
 	return v
 }
 
 fn test_bytes_big_equivalence() ? {
-	mut inp := rand.bytes(32) ?
+	mut inp := rand.bytes(32)?
 	el := Element{}
 	mut fe := el.generate_element()
 	mut fe1 := el.generate_element()
@@ -407,12 +407,12 @@ fn test_bytes_big_equivalence() ? {
 fn test_decimal_constants() ? {
 	sqrtm1string := '19681161376707505956807079304988542015446066515923890162744021073123829784752'
 	mut el := Element{}
-	mut exp := el.from_decimal_string(sqrtm1string) ?
+	mut exp := el.from_decimal_string(sqrtm1string)?
 
 	assert sqrt_m1.equal(exp) == 1
 
 	dstring := '37095705934669439343138083508754565189542113879843219016388785533085940283555'
-	exp = el.from_decimal_string(dstring) ?
+	exp = el.from_decimal_string(dstring)?
 	mut d := d_const
 
 	assert d.equal(exp) == 1

vlib/crypto/ed25519/internal/edwards25519/extra_test.v

@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ fn test_bytes_montgomery_sodium() ? {
 	// crypto_sign_keypair().pubkey
 	pubkey := '3bf918ffc2c955dc895bf145f566fb96623c1cadbe040091175764b5fde322c0'
 	mut p := Point{}
-	p.set_bytes(hex.decode(pubkey) ?) ?
+	p.set_bytes(hex.decode(pubkey)?)?
 
 	// crypto_sign_ed25519_pk_to_curve25519(pubkey)
 	want := 'efc6c9d0738e9ea18d738ad4a2653631558931b0f1fde4dd58c436d19686dc28'
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ fn fn_cofactor(mut data []u8) bool {
 
 fn test_mult_by_cofactor() ? {
 	mut loworder := Point{}
-	mut data := rand.bytes(64) ?
+	mut data := rand.bytes(64)?
 
 	assert fn_cofactor(mut data) == true
 }

vlib/crypto/ed25519/internal/edwards25519/point.v

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ const (
 
 fn d_const_generate() ?Element {
 	mut v := Element{}
-	v.set_bytes(edwards25519.d_bytes) ?
+	v.set_bytes(edwards25519.d_bytes)?
 	return v
 }
 
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ fn d2_const_generate() ?Element {
 // id_point_generate is the point at infinity.
 fn id_point_generate() ?Point {
 	mut p := Point{}
-	p.set_bytes(edwards25519.id_bytes) ?
+	p.set_bytes(edwards25519.id_bytes)?
 	return p
 }
 
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ fn id_point_generate() ?Point {
 // correspondence of this encoding with the values in RFC 8032.
 fn generator() ?Point {
 	mut p := Point{}
-	p.set_bytes(edwards25519.gen_bytes) ?
+	p.set_bytes(edwards25519.gen_bytes)?
 	return p
 }
 

vlib/crypto/ed25519/internal/edwards25519/point_test.v

@@ -96,11 +96,11 @@ fn test_non_canonical_points() ? {
 		// t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
 		// p1, err := new(Point).SetBytes(decodeHex(tt.encoding))
 		mut p1 := Point{}
-		p1.set_bytes(hex.decode(tt.encoding) ?) ?
+		p1.set_bytes(hex.decode(tt.encoding)?)?
 
 		// p2, err := new(Point).SetBytes(decodeHex(tt.canonical))
 		mut p2 := Point{}
-		p2.set_bytes(hex.decode(tt.canonical) ?) ?
+		p2.set_bytes(hex.decode(tt.canonical)?)?
 
 		assert p1.equal(p2) == 1
 		assert p1.bytes() == p2.bytes()

vlib/crypto/ed25519/internal/edwards25519/scalar.v

@@ -1115,7 +1115,7 @@ fn generate_scalar(size int) ?Scalar {
 			// rand.Read(s.s[:16]) // read random bytes and fill buf
 			// using builtin rand.read([]buf)
 			rand.read(mut s.s[..16])
-			// buf := rand.read(s.s[..16].len) ?
+			// buf := rand.read(s.s[..16].len)?
 			// copy(mut s.s[..16], buf)
 
 			/*
@@ -1132,7 +1132,7 @@ fn generate_scalar(size int) ?Scalar {
 			// Read generates len(p) random bytes and writes them into p
 			// rand.Read(s.s[:16])
 			rand.read(mut s.s[..16])
-			// buf := rand.read(s.s[..16].len) ?
+			// buf := rand.read(s.s[..16].len)?
 			// copy(mut s.s[..16], buf)
 
 			/*
@@ -1148,7 +1148,7 @@ fn generate_scalar(size int) ?Scalar {
 			// of being out of the latter range).
 			// rand.Read(s.s[:])
 			rand.read(mut s.s[..])
-			// buf := crand.read(s.s.len) ?
+			// buf := crand.read(s.s.len)?
 			// copy(mut s.s[..], buf)
 
 			/*
@@ -1167,7 +1167,7 @@ type NotZeroScalar = Scalar
 fn generate_notzero_scalar(size int) ?NotZeroScalar {
 	mut s := Scalar{}
 	for s == edwards25519.sc_zero {
-		s = generate_scalar(size) ?
+		s = generate_scalar(size)?
 	}
 	return NotZeroScalar(s)
 }

vlib/crypto/ed25519/internal/edwards25519/scalar_alias_test.v

@@ -25,8 +25,8 @@ fn negate_aliasing(mut v Scalar, x Scalar) Scalar {
 }
 
 fn test_check_aliasing_oneargs() ? {
-	x := generate_notzero_scalar(10) ?
+	x := generate_notzero_scalar(10)?
-	mut v := generate_notzero_scalar(10) ?
+	mut v := generate_notzero_scalar(10)?
 	out := check_aliasing_onearg(negate_aliasing, mut v, x)
 	assert out == true
 }
@@ -46,9 +46,9 @@ fn subtract_aliasing(mut v Scalar, x Scalar, y Scalar) Scalar {
 fn test_check_aliasing_twoargs() ? {
 	fn_with_twoargs := [add_aliasing, multiply_aliasing, subtract_aliasing]
 	for f in fn_with_twoargs {
-		mut v := generate_notzero_scalar(10) ?
+		mut v := generate_notzero_scalar(10)?
-		x := generate_notzero_scalar(10) ?
+		x := generate_notzero_scalar(10)?
-		y := generate_notzero_scalar(10) ?
+		y := generate_notzero_scalar(10)?
 		out := check_aliasing_twoargs(f, mut v, x, y)
 		assert out == true
 	}

vlib/crypto/ed25519/internal/edwards25519/scalar_test.v

@@ -91,8 +91,8 @@ fn test_scalar_set_canonical_bytes() ? {
 
 fn test_scalar_set_canonical_bytes_round_trip() ? {
 	for i in 0 .. 10 {
-		mut sc1 := generate_scalar(2) ?
+		mut sc1 := generate_scalar(2)?
-		mut sc2 := generate_scalar(6) ?
+		mut sc2 := generate_scalar(6)?
 		sc2.set_canonical_bytes(sc1.bytes()) or { panic(err) }
 
 		assert sc1 == sc2
@@ -117,14 +117,14 @@ fn test_scalar_set_canonical_bytes_on_noncanonical_value() ? {
 
 fn test_scalar_set_uniform_bytes() ? {
 	// mod, _ := new(big.Integer).SetString("27742317777372353535851937790883648493", 10)
-	mut mod := big.integer_from_string('27742317777372353535851937790883648493') ?
+	mut mod := big.integer_from_string('27742317777372353535851937790883648493')?
 	// mod.Add(mod, new(big.Integer).Lsh(big.NewInt(1), 252))
 	mod = mod + big.integer_from_i64(1).lshift(252)
 
-	mut sc := generate_scalar(100) ?
+	mut sc := generate_scalar(100)?
-	inp := rand.bytes(64) ?
+	inp := rand.bytes(64)?
 
-	sc.set_uniform_bytes(inp[..]) ?
+	sc.set_uniform_bytes(inp[..])?
 	assert is_reduced(sc) == true
 
 	scbig := bigint_from_le_bytes(sc.s[..])
@@ -190,9 +190,9 @@ fn test_scalar_set_bytes_with_clamping() {
 }
 
 fn test_scalar_multiply_distributes_over_add() ? {
-	x := generate_scalar(100) ?
+	x := generate_scalar(100)?
-	y := generate_scalar(100) ?
+	y := generate_scalar(100)?
-	z := generate_scalar(100) ?
+	z := generate_scalar(100)?
 
 	// Compute t1 = (x+y)*z
 	mut t1 := Scalar{}

vlib/crypto/ed25519/internal/edwards25519/scalarmult_test.v

@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ fn test_scalarmult_non_identity_point() ? {
 	// Check whether p.ScalarMult and q.ScalaBaseMult give the same,
 	// when p and q are originally set to the base point.
 
-	mut x := generate_scalar(5000) ?
+	mut x := generate_scalar(5000)?
 
 	mut p := Point{}
 	mut q := Point{}

vlib/crypto/rand/crypto_rand_bytes_test.v

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import crypto.rand
 
 fn test_reading() ? {
-	a := rand.read(32) ?
+	a := rand.read(32)?
 	// dump(a.hex())
 	assert a.len == 32
 	mut histogram := [256]int{}

vlib/crypto/rand/utils.v

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ pub fn int_u64(max u64) ?u64 {
 	}
 	mut n := u64(0)
 	for {
-		mut bytes := read(k) ?
+		mut bytes := read(k)?
 		bytes[0] &= u8(int(u64(1) << b) - 1)
 		x := bytes_to_u64(bytes)
 		n = x[0]

vlib/datatypes/doubly_linked_list_test.v

@@ -12,16 +12,16 @@ fn test_len() ? {
 	assert list.len() == 0
 	list.push_back(1)
 	assert list.len() == 1
-	list.pop_back() ?
+	list.pop_back()?
 	assert list.len() == 0
 }
 
 fn test_first() ? {
 	mut list := DoublyLinkedList<int>{}
 	list.push_back(1)
-	assert list.first() ? == 1
+	assert list.first()? == 1
 	list.push_back(2)
-	assert list.first() ? == 1
+	assert list.first()? == 1
 	list = DoublyLinkedList<int>{}
 	list.first() or { return }
 	assert false
@@ -30,9 +30,9 @@ fn test_first() ? {
 fn test_last() ? {
 	mut list := DoublyLinkedList<int>{}
 	list.push_back(1)
-	assert list.last() ? == 1
+	assert list.last()? == 1
 	list.push_back(2)
-	assert list.last() ? == 2
+	assert list.last()? == 2
 	list = DoublyLinkedList<int>{}
 	list.last() or { return }
 	assert false
@@ -41,11 +41,11 @@ fn test_last() ? {
 fn test_push() ? {
 	mut list := DoublyLinkedList<int>{}
 	list.push_back(1)
-	assert list.last() ? == 1
+	assert list.last()? == 1
 	list.push_back(2)
-	assert list.last() ? == 2
+	assert list.last()? == 2
 	list.push_back(3)
-	assert list.last() ? == 3
+	assert list.last()? == 3
 }
 
 fn test_pop() ? {
@@ -53,10 +53,10 @@ fn test_pop() ? {
 	list.push_back(1)
 	list.push_back(2)
 	list.push_back(3)
-	assert list.pop_back() ? == 3
+	assert list.pop_back()? == 3
 	list.push_back(4)
-	assert list.pop_back() ? == 4
+	assert list.pop_back()? == 4
-	assert list.pop_back() ? == 2
+	assert list.pop_back()? == 2
 	list = DoublyLinkedList<int>{}
 	list.pop_back() or { return }
 	assert false
@@ -67,10 +67,10 @@ fn test_pop_front() ? {
 	list.push_back(1)
 	list.push_back(2)
 	list.push_back(3)
-	assert list.pop_front() ? == 1
+	assert list.pop_front()? == 1
 	list.push_back(4)
-	assert list.pop_front() ? == 2
+	assert list.pop_front()? == 2
-	assert list.pop_front() ? == 3
+	assert list.pop_front()? == 3
 	list = DoublyLinkedList<int>{}
 	list.pop_front() or { return }
 	assert false
@@ -82,14 +82,14 @@ fn test_insert() ? {
 	list.push_back(2)
 	list.push_back(3)
 	// [1, 2, 3]
-	list.insert(1, 111) ?
+	list.insert(1, 111)?
 	// [1, 111, 2, 3]
-	list.insert(3, 222) ?
+	list.insert(3, 222)?
 	// [1, 111, 2, 222, 3]
-	assert list.pop_back() ? == 3
+	assert list.pop_back()? == 3
-	assert list.pop_back() ? == 222
+	assert list.pop_back()? == 222
-	assert list.pop_front() ? == 1
+	assert list.pop_front()? == 1
-	assert list.pop_front() ? == 111
+	assert list.pop_front()? == 111
 }
 
 fn test_push_front() ? {
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ fn test_push_front() ? {
 	list.push_back(2)
 	list.push_back(3)
 	list.push_front(111)
-	assert list.first() ? == 111
+	assert list.first()? == 111
 }
 
 fn test_delete() ? {
@@ -107,12 +107,12 @@ fn test_delete() ? {
 	list.push_back(1)
 	list.push_back(2)
 	list.delete(1)
-	assert list.first() ? == 0
+	assert list.first()? == 0
-	assert list.last() ? == 2
+	assert list.last()? == 2
 	assert list.len() == 2
 	list.delete(1)
-	assert list.first() ? == 0
+	assert list.first()? == 0
-	assert list.last() ? == 0
+	assert list.last()? == 0
 	assert list.len() == 1
 	list.delete(0)
 	assert list.len() == 0
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ fn test_index() ? {
 	}
 
 	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
-		assert list.index(i * 10) ? == i
+		assert list.index(i * 10)? == i
 	}
 }
 

vlib/datatypes/fsm/fsm_test.v

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ fn default_setup() (MyReceiver, fsm.StateMachine) {
 fn test_statemachine_number_of_callbacks_correct_when_single_transition() ? {
 	mut receiver, mut s := default_setup()
 
-	s.run(receiver) ?
+	s.run(receiver)?
 
 	assert receiver.data.len == 3
 }
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ fn test_statemachine_number_of_callbacks_correct_when_single_transition() ? {
 fn test_statemachine_sequence_works_when_typical() ? {
 	mut receiver, mut s := default_setup()
 
-	s.run(receiver) ?
+	s.run(receiver)?
 
 	assert receiver.data[0] == 'on_state_exit: A -> B'
 	assert receiver.data[1] == 'on_state_entry: A -> B'
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ fn test_statemachine_works_when_final_state() ? {
 	mut receiver, mut s := default_setup()
 
 	// current state `A`, with a possible transition to `B`:
-	s.run(receiver) ? // run should not error here
+	s.run(receiver)? // run should not error here
 
 	// Note: run will now return error, because for state `B`,
 	// there are no more transitions:

vlib/datatypes/fsm/tools/fsm_graph.v

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ pub fn read_file(file string) ?[]string {
 
 pub fn extract_transitions(line string) ?string {
 	mut result := '  '
-	first_comma := line.index(',') ?
+	first_comma := line.index(',')?
 	second_comma := line.index_after(',', first_comma + 1)
 
 	from := line[..first_comma]
@@ -32,11 +32,11 @@ pub fn get_transitions(line string) ?string {
 pub fn main() {
 	mut fp := flag.new_flag_parser(os.args)
 	file := fp.string('file', `f`, '', 'input V file with transitions to generate graph from.')
-	lines := read_file(file) ?
+	lines := read_file(file)?
 	println('digraph fsm {')
 	for line in lines {
 		if line.contains('add_transition') {
-			println(get_transitions(line) ?)
+			println(get_transitions(line)?)
 		}
 	}
 

vlib/datatypes/heap_test.v

@@ -8,11 +8,11 @@ fn test_min_heap() ? {
 	heap.insert(4)
 	heap.insert(1)
 
-	assert heap.pop() ? == 0
+	assert heap.pop()? == 0
-	assert heap.pop() ? == 1
+	assert heap.pop()? == 1
-	assert heap.pop() ? == 2
+	assert heap.pop()? == 2
-	assert heap.pop() ? == 4
+	assert heap.pop()? == 4
-	assert heap.pop() ? == 8
+	assert heap.pop()? == 8
 	if _ := heap.pop() {
 		panic('expected none')
 	}
@@ -35,11 +35,11 @@ fn test_min_heap_custom() ? {
 	heap.insert(Item{'foo', 100})
 	heap.insert(Item{'bar', 80})
 
-	assert heap.pop() ?.data == 'foo'
+	assert heap.pop()?.data == 'foo'
-	assert heap.pop() ?.data == 'bar'
+	assert heap.pop()?.data == 'bar'
-	assert heap.pop() ?.data == 'baz'
+	assert heap.pop()?.data == 'baz'
-	assert heap.pop() ?.data == 'buz'
+	assert heap.pop()?.data == 'buz'
-	assert heap.pop() ?.data == 'qux'
+	assert heap.pop()?.data == 'qux'
 	if _ := heap.pop() {
 		panic('expected none')
 	}
@@ -56,12 +56,12 @@ fn test_heap_len() ? {
 	heap.insert(1)
 
 	assert heap.len() == 5
-	heap.pop() ?
+	heap.pop()?
-	heap.pop() ?
+	heap.pop()?
-	heap.pop() ?
+	heap.pop()?
 	assert heap.len() == 2
-	heap.pop() ?
+	heap.pop()?
-	heap.pop() ?
+	heap.pop()?
 	assert heap.len() == 0
 	heap.pop() or {}
 	assert heap.len() == 0

vlib/datatypes/linked_list_test.v

@@ -12,16 +12,16 @@ fn test_len() ? {
 	assert list.len() == 0
 	list.push(1)
 	assert list.len() == 1
-	list.pop() ?
+	list.pop()?
 	assert list.len() == 0
 }
 
 fn test_first() ? {
 	mut list := LinkedList<int>{}
 	list.push(1)
-	assert list.first() ? == 1
+	assert list.first()? == 1
 	list.push(2)
-	assert list.first() ? == 1
+	assert list.first()? == 1
 	list = LinkedList<int>{}
 	list.first() or { return }
 	assert false
@@ -30,9 +30,9 @@ fn test_first() ? {
 fn test_last() ? {
 	mut list := LinkedList<int>{}
 	list.push(1)
-	assert list.last() ? == 1
+	assert list.last()? == 1
 	list.push(2)
-	assert list.last() ? == 2
+	assert list.last()? == 2
 	list = LinkedList<int>{}
 	list.last() or { return }
 	assert false
@@ -41,10 +41,10 @@ fn test_last() ? {
 fn test_index() ? {
 	mut list := LinkedList<int>{}
 	list.push(1)
-	assert list.index(0) ? == 1
+	assert list.index(0)? == 1
 	list.push(2)
-	assert list.index(1) ? == 2
+	assert list.index(1)? == 2
-	list.pop() ?
+	list.pop()?
 	list.index(1) or { return }
 	assert false
 }
@@ -52,11 +52,11 @@ fn test_index() ? {
 fn test_push() ? {
 	mut list := LinkedList<int>{}
 	list.push(1)
-	assert list.last() ? == 1
+	assert list.last()? == 1
 	list.push(2)
-	assert list.last() ? == 2
+	assert list.last()? == 2
 	list.push(3)
-	assert list.last() ? == 3
+	assert list.last()? == 3
 }
 
 fn test_pop() ? {
@@ -64,10 +64,10 @@ fn test_pop() ? {
 	list.push(1)
 	list.push(2)
 	list.push(3)
-	assert list.pop() ? == 3
+	assert list.pop()? == 3
 	list.push(4)
-	assert list.pop() ? == 4
+	assert list.pop()? == 4
-	assert list.pop() ? == 2
+	assert list.pop()? == 2
 	list = LinkedList<int>{}
 	list.pop() or { return }
 	assert false
@@ -78,10 +78,10 @@ fn test_shift() ? {
 	list.push(1)
 	list.push(2)
 	list.push(3)
-	assert list.shift() ? == 1
+	assert list.shift()? == 1
 	list.push(4)
-	assert list.shift() ? == 2
+	assert list.shift()? == 2
-	assert list.shift() ? == 3
+	assert list.shift()? == 3
 	list = LinkedList<int>{}
 	list.shift() or { return }
 	assert false
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ fn test_prepend() ? {
 	list.push(2)
 	list.push(3)
 	list.prepend(111)
-	assert list.first() ? == 111
+	assert list.first()? == 111
 }
 
 fn test_str() ? {

vlib/datatypes/queue_test.v

@@ -12,16 +12,16 @@ fn test_len() ? {
 	assert queue.len() == 0
 	queue.push(1)
 	assert queue.len() == 1
-	queue.pop() ?
+	queue.pop()?
 	assert queue.len() == 0
 }
 
 fn test_peek() ? {
 	mut queue := Queue<int>{}
 	queue.push(1)
-	assert queue.peek() ? == 1
+	assert queue.peek()? == 1
 	queue.push(2)
-	assert queue.peek() ? == 1
+	assert queue.peek()? == 1
 	queue = Queue<int>{}
 	queue.peek() or { return }
 	assert false
@@ -30,9 +30,9 @@ fn test_peek() ? {
 fn test_last() ? {
 	mut queue := Queue<int>{}
 	queue.push(1)
-	assert queue.last() ? == 1
+	assert queue.last()? == 1
 	queue.push(2)
-	assert queue.last() ? == 2
+	assert queue.last()? == 2
 	queue = Queue<int>{}
 	queue.last() or { return }
 	assert false
@@ -41,10 +41,10 @@ fn test_last() ? {
 fn test_index() ? {
 	mut queue := Queue<int>{}
 	queue.push(1)
-	assert queue.index(0) ? == 1
+	assert queue.index(0)? == 1
 	queue.push(2)
-	assert queue.index(1) ? == 2
+	assert queue.index(1)? == 2
-	queue.pop() ?
+	queue.pop()?
 	queue.index(1) or { return }
 	assert false
 }
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ fn test_push() ? {
 	mut queue := Queue<int>{}
 	queue.push(1)
 	queue.push(2)
-	assert queue.peek() ? == 1
+	assert queue.peek()? == 1
 }
 
 fn test_pop() ? {
@@ -61,10 +61,10 @@ fn test_pop() ? {
 	queue.push(1)
 	queue.push(2)
 	queue.push(3)
-	assert queue.pop() ? == 1
+	assert queue.pop()? == 1
 	queue.push(4)
-	assert queue.pop() ? == 2
+	assert queue.pop()? == 2
-	assert queue.pop() ? == 3
+	assert queue.pop()? == 3
 	queue = Queue<int>{}
 	queue.pop() or { return }
 	assert false

vlib/datatypes/stack_test.v

@@ -12,16 +12,16 @@ fn test_len() ? {
 	assert stack.len() == 0
 	stack.push(1)
 	assert stack.len() == 1
-	stack.pop() ?
+	stack.pop()?
 	assert stack.len() == 0
 }
 
 fn test_peek() ? {
 	mut stack := dt.Stack<int>{}
 	stack.push(1)
-	assert stack.peek() ? == 1
+	assert stack.peek()? == 1
 	stack.push(2)
-	assert stack.peek() ? == 2
+	assert stack.peek()? == 2
 	stack = dt.Stack<int>{}
 	stack.peek() or { return }
 	assert false
@@ -30,11 +30,11 @@ fn test_peek() ? {
 fn test_push() ? {
 	mut stack := dt.Stack<int>{}
 	stack.push(1)
-	assert stack.peek() ? == 1
+	assert stack.peek()? == 1
 	stack.push(2)
-	assert stack.peek() ? == 2
+	assert stack.peek()? == 2
 	stack.push(3)
-	assert stack.peek() ? == 3
+	assert stack.peek()? == 3
 }
 
 fn test_pop() ? {
@@ -42,10 +42,10 @@ fn test_pop() ? {
 	stack.push(1)
 	stack.push(2)
 	stack.push(3)
-	assert stack.pop() ? == 3
+	assert stack.pop()? == 3
 	stack.push(4)
-	assert stack.pop() ? == 4
+	assert stack.pop()? == 4
-	assert stack.pop() ? == 2
+	assert stack.pop()? == 2
 	stack = dt.Stack<int>{}
 	stack.pop() or { return }
 	assert false

vlib/encoding/base58/base58_test.v

@@ -9,9 +9,9 @@ fn main() {
 
 fn test_encode_int() ? {
 	a := 0x24 // should be 'd' in base58
-	assert encode_int(a) ? == 'd'
+	assert encode_int(a)? == 'd'
 
-	test_encode_int_walpha() ?
+	test_encode_int_walpha()?
 }
 
 fn test_encode_int_walpha() ? {
@@ -20,14 +20,14 @@ fn test_encode_int_walpha() ? {
 		panic(@MOD + '.' + @FN + ': this should never happen')
 	}
 	a := 0x24 // should be '_' in base58 with our custom alphabet
-	assert encode_int_walpha(a, abc) ? == '_'
+	assert encode_int_walpha(a, abc)? == '_'
 }
 
 fn test_decode_int() ? {
 	a := 'd'
-	assert decode_int(a) ? == 0x24
+	assert decode_int(a)? == 0x24
 
-	test_decode_int_walpha() ?
+	test_decode_int_walpha()?
 }
 
 fn test_decode_int_walpha() ? {
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ fn test_decode_int_walpha() ? {
 		panic(@MOD + '.' + @FN + ': this should never happen')
 	}
 	a := '_'
-	assert decode_int_walpha(a, abc) ? == 0x24
+	assert decode_int_walpha(a, abc)? == 0x24
 }
 
 fn test_encode_string() {
@@ -51,13 +51,13 @@ fn test_encode_string() {
 
 fn test_decode_string() ? {
 	a := 'TtaR6twpTGu8VpY'
-	assert decode(a) ? == 'lorem ipsum'
+	assert decode(a)? == 'lorem ipsum'
 
 	abc := new_alphabet('abcdefghij\$lmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789_ABCDEFGHIJLMNOPQRSTUV') or {
 		panic(@MOD + '.' + @FN + ': this should never happen')
 	}
 	b := '0P7yfPSL0pQh2L5'
-	assert decode_walpha(b, abc) ? == 'lorem ipsum'
+	assert decode_walpha(b, abc)? == 'lorem ipsum'
 }
 
 fn test_fails() ? {

vlib/encoding/csv/reader.v

@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ pub fn new_reader(data string, config ReaderConfig) &Reader {
 // read reads a row from the CSV data.
 // If successful, the result holds an array of each column's data.
 pub fn (mut r Reader) read() ?[]string {
-	l := r.read_record() ?
+	l := r.read_record()?
 	return l
 }
 
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ fn (mut r Reader) read_record() ?[]string {
 	mut i := -1
 	for {
 		if need_read {
-			l := r.read_line() ?
+			l := r.read_line()?
 			if l.len <= 0 {
 				if keep_raw {
 					line += '\n'

vlib/encoding/hex/hex.v

@@ -15,24 +15,24 @@ pub fn decode(s string) ?[]u8 {
 	if hex_str.len == 0 {
 		return []u8{}
 	} else if hex_str.len == 1 {
-		return [char2nibble(hex_str[0]) ?]
+		return [char2nibble(hex_str[0])?]
 	} else if hex_str.len == 2 {
-		n1 := char2nibble(hex_str[0]) ?
+		n1 := char2nibble(hex_str[0])?
-		n0 := char2nibble(hex_str[1]) ?
+		n0 := char2nibble(hex_str[1])?
 		return [(n1 << 4) | n0]
 	}
 	// calculate the first byte depending on if hex_str.len is odd
-	mut val := char2nibble(hex_str[0]) ?
+	mut val := char2nibble(hex_str[0])?
 	if hex_str.len & 1 == 0 {
-		val = (val << 4) | char2nibble(hex_str[1]) ?
+		val = (val << 4) | char2nibble(hex_str[1])?
 	}
 	// set cap to hex_str.len/2 rounded up
 	mut bytes := []u8{len: 1, cap: (hex_str.len + 1) >> 1, init: val}
 	// iterate over every 2 bytes
 	// the start index depends on if hex_str.len is odd
 	for i := 2 - (hex_str.len & 1); i < hex_str.len; i += 2 {
-		n1 := char2nibble(hex_str[i]) ?
+		n1 := char2nibble(hex_str[i])?
-		n0 := char2nibble(hex_str[i + 1]) ?
+		n0 := char2nibble(hex_str[i + 1])?
 		bytes << (n1 << 4) | n0
 	}
 	return bytes

vlib/encoding/hex/hex_test.v

@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
 module hex
 
 fn test_decode() ? {
-	assert decode('') ? == []
+	assert decode('')? == []
-	assert decode('0') ? == [u8(0x0)]
+	assert decode('0')? == [u8(0x0)]
-	assert decode('f') ? == [u8(0xf)]
+	assert decode('f')? == [u8(0xf)]
-	assert decode('0f') ? == [u8(0x0f)]
+	assert decode('0f')? == [u8(0x0f)]
-	assert decode('ff') ? == [u8(0xff)]
+	assert decode('ff')? == [u8(0xff)]
-	assert decode('123') ? == [u8(0x1), 0x23]
+	assert decode('123')? == [u8(0x1), 0x23]
-	assert decode('1234') ? == [u8(0x12), 0x34]
+	assert decode('1234')? == [u8(0x12), 0x34]
-	assert decode('12345') ? == [u8(0x1), 0x23, 0x45]
+	assert decode('12345')? == [u8(0x1), 0x23, 0x45]
-	assert decode('0123456789abcdef') ? == [u8(0x01), 0x23, 0x45, 0x67, 0x89, 0xab, 0xcd, 0xef]
+	assert decode('0123456789abcdef')? == [u8(0x01), 0x23, 0x45, 0x67, 0x89, 0xab, 0xcd, 0xef]
-	assert decode('123456789ABCDEF') ? == [u8(0x01), 0x23, 0x45, 0x67, 0x89, 0xab, 0xcd, 0xef]
+	assert decode('123456789ABCDEF')? == [u8(0x01), 0x23, 0x45, 0x67, 0x89, 0xab, 0xcd, 0xef]
 }
 
 fn test_decode_fails() ? {
@@ -32,23 +32,23 @@ fn test_decode_fails() ? {
 }
 
 fn test_encode() ? {
-	assert encode(decode('') ?) == ''
+	assert encode(decode('')?) == ''
-	assert encode(decode('0') ?) == '00'
+	assert encode(decode('0')?) == '00'
-	assert encode(decode('f') ?) == '0f'
+	assert encode(decode('f')?) == '0f'
-	assert encode(decode('0f') ?) == '0f'
+	assert encode(decode('0f')?) == '0f'
-	assert encode(decode('ff') ?) == 'ff'
+	assert encode(decode('ff')?) == 'ff'
-	assert encode(decode('123') ?) == '0123'
+	assert encode(decode('123')?) == '0123'
-	assert encode(decode('1234') ?) == '1234'
+	assert encode(decode('1234')?) == '1234'
-	assert encode(decode('12345') ?) == '012345'
+	assert encode(decode('12345')?) == '012345'
-	assert encode(decode('abcdef') ?) == 'abcdef'
+	assert encode(decode('abcdef')?) == 'abcdef'
-	assert encode(decode('ABCDEF') ?) == 'abcdef'
+	assert encode(decode('ABCDEF')?) == 'abcdef'
 }
 
 fn test_decode_0x() ? {
-	assert decode('0x') ? == []
+	assert decode('0x')? == []
-	assert decode('0x0') ? == [u8(0x0)]
+	assert decode('0x0')? == [u8(0x0)]
-	assert decode('0X1234') ? == [u8(0x12), 0x34]
+	assert decode('0X1234')? == [u8(0x12), 0x34]
-	assert decode('0x12345') ? == [u8(0x1), 0x23, 0x45]
+	assert decode('0x12345')? == [u8(0x1), 0x23, 0x45]
-	assert decode('0x0123456789abcdef') ? == [u8(0x01), 0x23, 0x45, 0x67, 0x89, 0xab, 0xcd, 0xef]
+	assert decode('0x0123456789abcdef')? == [u8(0x01), 0x23, 0x45, 0x67, 0x89, 0xab, 0xcd, 0xef]
-	assert decode('0X123456789ABCDEF') ? == [u8(0x01), 0x23, 0x45, 0x67, 0x89, 0xab, 0xcd, 0xef]
+	assert decode('0X123456789ABCDEF')? == [u8(0x01), 0x23, 0x45, 0x67, 0x89, 0xab, 0xcd, 0xef]
 }