v/vlib/v/gen/cgen.v

// Copyright (c) 2019-2020 Alexander Medvednikov. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by an MIT license
// that can be found in the LICENSE file.
module gen

import (
	strings
	v.ast
	v.table
	v.depgraph
	v.token
	v.pref
	term
	v.util
)

const (
	c_reserved = ['delete', 'exit', 'unix', 'error', 'calloc', 'malloc', 'free', 'panic', 'auto',
		'char', 'default', 'do', 'double', 'extern', 'float', 'inline', 'int', 'long', 'register',
		'restrict', 'short', 'signed', 'sizeof', 'static', 'switch', 'typedef', 'union', 'unsigned',
		'void', 'volatile', 'while']
)

struct Gen {
	out                  strings.Builder
	typedefs             strings.Builder
	typedefs2            strings.Builder
	definitions          strings.Builder // typedefs, defines etc (everything that goes to the top of the file)
	inits                strings.Builder // contents of `void _vinit(){}`
	gowrappers           strings.Builder // all go callsite wrappers
	stringliterals       strings.Builder // all string literals (they depend on tos3() beeing defined
	includes             strings.Builder
	table                &table.Table
	pref                 &pref.Preferences
mut:
	file                 ast.File
	fn_decl              &ast.FnDecl // pointer to the FnDecl we are currently inside otherwise 0
	tmp_count            int
	variadic_args        map[string]int
	is_c_call            bool // e.g. `C.printf("v")`
	is_assign_lhs        bool // inside left part of assign expr (for array_set(), etc)
	is_assign_rhs        bool // inside right part of assign after `=` (val expr)
	is_array_set         bool
	is_amp               bool // for `&Foo{}` to merge PrefixExpr `&` and StructInit `Foo{}`; also for `&byte(0)` etc
	optionals            []string // to avoid duplicates TODO perf, use map
	inside_ternary       bool // ?: comma separated statements on a single line
	stmt_start_pos       int
	right_is_opt         bool
	autofree             bool
	indent               int
	empty_line           bool
	is_test              bool
	assign_op            token.Kind // *=, =, etc (for array_set)
	defer_stmts          []ast.DeferStmt
	defer_ifdef          string
	str_types            []string // types that need automatic str() generation
	threaded_fns         []string // for generating unique wrapper types and fns for `go xxx()`
	array_fn_definitions []string // array equality functions that have been defined
}

const (
	tabs = ['', '\t', '\t\t', '\t\t\t', '\t\t\t\t', '\t\t\t\t\t', '\t\t\t\t\t\t', '\t\t\t\t\t\t\t',
		'\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t']
)

pub fn cgen(files []ast.File, table &table.Table, pref &pref.Preferences) string {
	if true {		// if
		x := 10		// line
		// sep
		y := 20
	} else {
	}
	// println('start cgen2')
	mut g := Gen{
		out: strings.new_builder(1000)
		typedefs: strings.new_builder(100)
		typedefs2: strings.new_builder(100)
		definitions: strings.new_builder(100)
		gowrappers: strings.new_builder(100)
		stringliterals: strings.new_builder(100)
		inits: strings.new_builder(100)
		includes: strings.new_builder(100)
		table: table
		pref: pref
		fn_decl: 0
		autofree: true
		indent: -1
	}
	g.init()
	//
	mut autofree_used := false
	for file in files {
		g.file = file
		// println('\ncgen "$g.file.path" nr_stmts=$file.stmts.len')
		building_v := true && (g.file.path.contains('/vlib/') || g.file.path.contains('cmd/v'))
		is_test := g.file.path.ends_with('.vv') || g.file.path.ends_with('_test.v')
		if g.file.path.ends_with('_test.v') {
			g.is_test = is_test
		}
		if g.file.path == '' || is_test || building_v || !g.pref.autofree {
			// cgen test or building V
			// println('autofree=false')
			g.autofree = false
		} else {
			g.autofree = true
			autofree_used = true
		}
		g.stmts(file.stmts)
	}
	if autofree_used {
		g.autofree = true		// so that void _vcleanup is generated
	}
	g.write_variadic_types()
	// g.write_str_definitions()
	if g.pref.build_mode != .build_module {
		// no init in builtin.o
		g.write_init_function()
	}
	if g.is_test {
		g.write_tests_main()
	}
	//
	g.finish()
	return g.hashes() + g.includes.str() + g.typedefs.str() + g.typedefs2.str() + g.definitions.str() +
		g.gowrappers.str() + g.stringliterals.str() + g.out.str()
}

pub fn (g Gen) hashes() string {
	mut res := c_commit_hash_default.replace('@@@', util.vhash())
	res += c_current_commit_hash_default.replace('@@@', util.githash(g.pref.building_v))
	return res
}

pub fn (g mut Gen) init() {
	g.definitions.writeln('// Generated by the V compiler')
	g.definitions.writeln('#include <inttypes.h>')	// int64_t etc
	g.definitions.writeln(c_builtin_types)
	g.definitions.writeln(c_headers)
	g.definitions.writeln('\nstring _STR(const char*, ...);\n')
	g.definitions.writeln('\nstring _STR_TMP(const char*, ...);\n')
	g.write_builtin_types()
	g.write_typedef_types()
	g.write_typeof_functions()
	if g.pref.build_mode != .build_module {
		// _STR functions should not be defined in builtin.o
		g.write_str_fn_definitions()
	}
	g.write_sorted_types()
	g.write_multi_return_types()
	g.definitions.writeln('// end of definitions #endif')
	//
	g.stringliterals.writeln('')
	g.stringliterals.writeln('// >> string literal consts')
	if g.pref.build_mode != .build_module {
		g.stringliterals.writeln('void vinit_string_literals(){')
	}
}

pub fn (g mut Gen) finish() {
	if g.pref.build_mode != .build_module {
		g.stringliterals.writeln('}')
	}
	g.stringliterals.writeln('// << string literal consts')
	g.stringliterals.writeln('')
}

pub fn (g mut Gen) write_typeof_functions() {
	g.writeln('')
	g.writeln('// >> typeof() support for sum types')
	for typ in g.table.types {
		if typ.kind == .sum_type {
			sum_info := typ.info as table.SumType
			tidx := g.table.find_type_idx(typ.name)
			g.writeln('char * v_typeof_sumtype_${tidx}(int sidx) { /* ${typ.name} */ ')
			g.writeln('	switch(sidx) {')
			g.writeln('		case $tidx: return "$typ.name";')
			for v in sum_info.variants {
				subtype := g.table.get_type_symbol(v)
				g.writeln('		case $v: return "$subtype.name";')
			}
			g.writeln('		default: return "unknown ${typ.name}";')
			g.writeln('	}')
			g.writeln('}')
		}
	}
	g.writeln('// << typeof() support for sum types')
	g.writeln('')
}

// V type to C type
pub fn (g mut Gen) typ(t table.Type) string {
	nr_muls := table.type_nr_muls(t)
	sym := g.table.get_type_symbol(t)
	mut styp := sym.name.replace('.', '__')
	if nr_muls > 0 {
		styp += strings.repeat(`*`, nr_muls)
	}
	if styp.starts_with('C__') {
		styp = styp[3..]
		if sym.kind == .struct_ {
			info := sym.info as table.Struct
			if !info.is_typedef {
				styp = 'struct $styp'
			}
		}
	}
	if table.type_is(t, .optional) {
		// Register an optional
		styp = 'Option_' + styp
		if !(styp in g.optionals) {
			// println(styp)
			g.typedefs2.writeln('typedef Option $styp;')
			g.optionals << styp
		}
	}
	return styp
}

//
pub fn (g mut Gen) write_typedef_types() {
	for typ in g.table.types {
		match typ.kind {
			.alias {
				parent := &g.table.types[typ.parent_idx]
				styp := typ.name.replace('.', '__')
				parent_styp := parent.name.replace('.', '__')
				g.definitions.writeln('typedef $parent_styp $styp;')
			}
			.array {
				styp := typ.name.replace('.', '__')
				g.definitions.writeln('typedef array $styp;')
			}
			.map {
				styp := typ.name.replace('.', '__')
				g.definitions.writeln('typedef map $styp;')
			}
			.function {
				info := typ.info as table.FnType
				func := info.func
				if !info.has_decl && !info.is_anon {
					fn_name := if func.is_c { func.name.replace('.', '__') } else { c_name(func.name) }
					g.definitions.write('typedef ${g.typ(func.return_type)} (*$fn_name)(')
					for i, arg in func.args {
						g.definitions.write(g.typ(arg.typ))
						if i < func.args.len - 1 {
							g.definitions.write(',')
						}
					}
					g.definitions.writeln(');')
				}
			}
			else {
				continue
			}
		}
	}
}

pub fn (g mut Gen) write_multi_return_types() {
	g.definitions.writeln('// multi return structs')
	for typ in g.table.types {
		// sym := g.table.get_type_symbol(typ)
		if typ.kind != .multi_return {
			continue
		}
		name := typ.name.replace('.', '__')
		info := typ.info as table.MultiReturn
		g.definitions.writeln('typedef struct {')
		// TODO copy pasta StructDecl
		// for field in struct_info.fields {
		for i, mr_typ in info.types {
			type_name := g.typ(mr_typ)
			g.definitions.writeln('\t$type_name arg${i};')
		}
		g.definitions.writeln('} $name;\n')
		// g.typedefs.writeln('typedef struct $name $name;')
	}
}

pub fn (g mut Gen) write_variadic_types() {
	if g.variadic_args.size > 0 {
		g.definitions.writeln('// variadic structs')
	}
	for type_str, arg_len in g.variadic_args {
		typ := table.Type(type_str.int())
		type_name := g.typ(typ)
		struct_name := 'varg_' + type_name.replace('*', '_ptr')
		g.definitions.writeln('struct $struct_name {')
		g.definitions.writeln('\tint len;')
		g.definitions.writeln('\t$type_name args[$arg_len];')
		g.definitions.writeln('};\n')
		g.typedefs.writeln('typedef struct $struct_name $struct_name;')
	}
}

pub fn (g Gen) save() {
}

pub fn (g mut Gen) write(s string) {
	if g.indent > 0 && g.empty_line {
		g.out.write(tabs[g.indent])
		// g.line_len += g.indent * 4
	}
	g.out.write(s)
	g.empty_line = false
}

pub fn (g mut Gen) writeln(s string) {
	if g.indent > 0 && g.empty_line {
		g.out.write(tabs[g.indent])
	}
	g.out.writeln(s)
	g.empty_line = true
}

pub fn (g mut Gen) new_tmp_var() string {
	g.tmp_count++
	return 'tmp$g.tmp_count'
}

pub fn (g mut Gen) reset_tmp_count() {
	g.tmp_count = 0
}

fn (g mut Gen) stmts(stmts []ast.Stmt) {
	g.indent++
	for stmt in stmts {
		g.stmt(stmt)
		// if !g.inside_ternary {
		// g.writeln('')
		// }
	}
	g.indent--
}

fn (g mut Gen) stmt(node ast.Stmt) {
	g.stmt_start_pos = g.out.len
	// println('cgen.stmt()')
	// g.writeln('//// stmt start')
	match node {
		ast.AssertStmt {
			g.gen_assert_stmt(it)
		}
		ast.AssignStmt {
			g.gen_assign_stmt(it)
		}
		ast.Attr {
			if it.name == 'inline' {
				g.writeln(it.name)
			} else {
				g.writeln('//[$it.name]')
			}
		}
		ast.Block {
			g.writeln('{')
			g.stmts(it.stmts)
			g.writeln('}')
		}
		ast.BranchStmt {
			// continue or break
			g.write(it.tok.kind.str())
			g.writeln(';')
		}
		ast.ConstDecl {
			// if g.pref.build_mode != .build_module {
			g.const_decl(it)
			// }
		}
		ast.CompIf {
			g.comp_if(it)
		}
		ast.DeferStmt {
			mut defer_stmt := *it
			defer_stmt.ifdef = g.defer_ifdef
			g.defer_stmts << defer_stmt
		}
		ast.EnumDecl {
			enum_name := it.name.replace('.', '__')
			g.typedefs.writeln('typedef enum {')
			for field in it.fields {
				g.typedefs.write('\t${enum_name}_$field.name')
				if field.has_expr {
					g.typedefs.write(' = ')
					pos := g.out.len
					g.expr(field.expr)
					expr_str := g.out.after(pos)
					g.out.go_back(expr_str.len)
					g.typedefs.write('$expr_str')
				}
				g.typedefs.writeln(',')
			}
			g.typedefs.writeln('} $enum_name;\n')
		}
		ast.ExprStmt {
			g.expr(it.expr)
			expr := it.expr
			match expr {
				ast.IfExpr {
					// no ; after an if expression
				}
				else {
					if !g.inside_ternary {
						g.writeln(';')
					}
				}
			}
		}
		ast.FnDecl {
			g.fn_decl = it			// &it
			g.gen_fn_decl(it)
			g.writeln('')
		}
		ast.ForCStmt {
			g.write('for (')
			if !it.has_init {
				g.write('; ')
			} else {
				g.stmt(it.init)
			}
			if it.has_cond {
				g.expr(it.cond)
			}
			g.write('; ')
			if it.has_inc {
				g.expr(it.inc)
			}
			g.writeln(') {')
			g.stmts(it.stmts)
			g.writeln('}')
		}
		ast.ForInStmt {
			g.for_in(it)
		}
		ast.ForStmt {
			g.write('while (')
			if it.is_inf {
				g.write('1')
			} else {
				g.expr(it.cond)
			}
			g.writeln(') {')
			g.stmts(it.stmts)
			g.writeln('}')
		}
		ast.GlobalDecl {
			styp := g.typ(it.typ)
			g.definitions.writeln('$styp $it.name; // global')
		}
		ast.GoStmt {
			g.go_stmt(it)
		}
		ast.GotoLabel {
			g.writeln('$it.name:')
		}
		ast.GotoStmt {
			g.writeln('goto $it.name;')
		}
		ast.HashStmt {
			// #include etc
			typ := it.val.all_before(' ')
			if typ in ['include', 'define'] {
				g.definitions.writeln('#$it.val')
			}
		}
		ast.Import {}
		ast.InterfaceDecl {
			g.writeln('// interface')
		}
		ast.Return {
			if g.defer_stmts.len > 0 {
				g.write_defer_stmts()
			}
			g.return_statement(it)
		}
		ast.StructDecl {
			name := if it.is_c { it.name.replace('.', '__') } else { c_name(it.name) }
			// g.writeln('typedef struct {')
			// for field in it.fields {
			// field_type_sym := g.table.get_type_symbol(field.typ)
			// g.writeln('\t$field_type_sym.name $field.name;')
			// }
			// g.writeln('} $name;')
			if it.is_c {
				return
			}
			if it.is_union {
				g.typedefs.writeln('typedef union $name $name;')
			} else {
				g.typedefs.writeln('typedef struct $name $name;')
			}
		}
		ast.TypeDecl {
			g.writeln('// TypeDecl')
		}
		ast.UnsafeStmt {
			g.stmts(it.stmts)
		}
		else {
			verror('cgen.stmt(): unhandled node ' + typeof(node))
		}
	}
}

fn (g mut Gen) write_defer_stmts() {
	for defer_stmt in g.defer_stmts {
		g.writeln('// defer')
		if defer_stmt.ifdef.len > 0 {
			g.writeln(defer_stmt.ifdef)
			g.stmts(defer_stmt.stmts)
			g.writeln('#endif')
		} else {
			g.stmts(defer_stmt.stmts)
		}
	}
}

fn (g mut Gen) for_in(it ast.ForInStmt) {
	if it.is_range {
		// `for x in 1..10 {`
		i := g.new_tmp_var()
		g.write('for (int $i = ')
		g.expr(it.cond)
		g.write('; $i < ')
		g.expr(it.high)
		g.writeln('; $i++) {')
		g.writeln('\tint $it.val_var = $i;')
		g.stmts(it.stmts)
		g.writeln('}')
	} else if it.kind == .array {
		// TODO:
		// `for num in nums {`
		g.writeln('// FOR IN')
		i := if it.key_var == '' { g.new_tmp_var() } else { it.key_var }
		styp := g.typ(it.val_type)
		g.write('for (int $i = 0; $i < ')
		g.expr(it.cond)
		cond_type_is_ptr := table.type_is_ptr(it.cond_type)
		if cond_type_is_ptr {
			g.writeln('->')
		} else {
			g.writeln('.')
		}
		g.write('len; $i++) {')
		g.write('\t$styp $it.val_var = (($styp*)')
		g.expr(it.cond)
		if cond_type_is_ptr {
			g.writeln('->')
		} else {
			g.writeln('.')
		}
		g.write('data)[$i];')
		g.stmts(it.stmts)
		g.writeln('}')
	} else if it.kind == .map {
		// `for num in nums {`
		g.writeln('// FOR IN')
		key_styp := g.typ(it.key_type)
		val_styp := g.typ(it.val_type)
		keys_tmp := 'keys_' + g.new_tmp_var()
		idx := g.new_tmp_var()
		key := if it.key_var == '' { g.new_tmp_var() } else { it.key_var }
		zero := g.type_default(it.val_type)
		g.write('array_$key_styp $keys_tmp = map_keys(&')
		g.expr(it.cond)
		g.writeln(');')
		g.writeln('for (int $idx = 0; $idx < ${keys_tmp}.len; $idx++) {')
		g.writeln('\t$key_styp $key = (($key_styp*)${keys_tmp}.data)[$idx];')
		g.write('\t$val_styp $it.val_var = (*($val_styp*)map_get3(')
		g.expr(it.cond)
		g.writeln(', $key, &($val_styp[]){ $zero }));')
		g.stmts(it.stmts)
		g.writeln('}')
	} else if table.type_is(it.cond_type, .variadic) {
		g.writeln('// FOR IN')
		i := if it.key_var == '' { g.new_tmp_var() } else { it.key_var }
		styp := g.typ(it.cond_type)
		g.write('for (int $i = 0; $i < ')
		g.expr(it.cond)
		g.writeln('.len; $i++) {')
		g.write('$styp $it.val_var = ')
		g.expr(it.cond)
		g.writeln('.args[$i];')
		g.stmts(it.stmts)
		g.writeln('}')
	} else if it.kind == .string {
		i := if it.key_var == '' { g.new_tmp_var() } else { it.key_var }
		g.write('for (int $i = 0; $i < ')
		g.expr(it.cond)
		g.writeln('.len; $i++) {')
		g.write('byte $it.val_var = ')
		g.expr(it.cond)
		g.writeln('.str[$i];')
		g.stmts(it.stmts)
		g.writeln('}')
	}
}

// use instead of expr() when you need to cast to sum type (can add other casts also)
fn (g mut Gen) expr_with_cast(expr ast.Expr, got_type, exp_type table.Type) {
	// cast to sum type
	if exp_type != table.void_type {
		exp_sym := g.table.get_type_symbol(exp_type)
		if exp_sym.kind == .sum_type {
			sum_info := exp_sym.info as table.SumType
			if got_type in sum_info.variants {
				got_sym := g.table.get_type_symbol(got_type)
				got_styp := g.typ(got_type)
				exp_styp := g.typ(exp_type)
				got_idx := table.type_idx(got_type)
				g.write('/* sum type cast */ ($exp_styp) {.obj = memdup(&(${got_styp}[]) {')
				g.expr(expr)
				g.write('}, sizeof($got_styp)), .typ = $got_idx /* $got_sym.name */}')
				return
			}
		}
	}
	// no cast
	g.expr(expr)
}

fn (g mut Gen) gen_assert_stmt(a ast.AssertStmt) {
	g.writeln('// assert')
	g.write('if( ')
	g.expr(a.expr)
	g.write(' )')
	s_assertion := a.expr.str().replace('"', "\'")
	mut mod_path := g.file.path
	$if windows {
		mod_path = g.file.path.replace('\\', '\\\\')
	}
	if g.is_test {
		g.writeln('{')
		g.writeln('	g_test_oks++;')
		g.writeln('	cb_assertion_ok( _STR("${mod_path}"), ${a.pos.line_nr+1}, _STR("assert ${s_assertion}"), _STR("${g.fn_decl.name}()") );')
		g.writeln('}else{')
		g.writeln('	g_test_fails++;')
		g.writeln('	cb_assertion_failed( _STR("${mod_path}"), ${a.pos.line_nr+1}, _STR("assert ${s_assertion}"), _STR("${g.fn_decl.name}()") );')
		g.writeln('	exit(1);')
		g.writeln('	// TODO')
		g.writeln('	// Maybe print all vars in a test function if it fails?')
		g.writeln('}')
		return
	}
	g.writeln('{}else{')
	g.writeln('	eprintln(_STR("${mod_path}:${a.pos.line_nr+1}: FAIL: fn ${g.fn_decl.name}(): assert $s_assertion"));')
	g.writeln('	exit(1);')
	g.writeln('}')
}

fn (g mut Gen) gen_assign_stmt(assign_stmt ast.AssignStmt) {
	// g.write('/*assign_stmt*/')
	if assign_stmt.is_static {
		g.write('static ')
	}
	if assign_stmt.left.len > assign_stmt.right.len {
		// multi return
		mut or_stmts := []ast.Stmt
		mut return_type := table.void_type
		match assign_stmt.right[0] {
			ast.CallExpr {
				or_stmts = it.or_block.stmts
				return_type = it.return_type
			}
			else {}
		}
		is_optional := table.type_is(return_type, .optional)
		mr_var_name := 'mr_$assign_stmt.pos.pos'
		mr_styp := g.typ(return_type)
		g.write('$mr_styp $mr_var_name = ')
		g.is_assign_rhs = true
		g.expr(assign_stmt.right[0])
		g.is_assign_rhs = false
		if is_optional {
			g.or_block(mr_var_name, or_stmts, return_type)
		}
		g.writeln(';')
		for i, ident in assign_stmt.left {
			if ident.kind == .blank_ident {
				continue
			}
			ident_var_info := ident.var_info()
			styp := g.typ(ident_var_info.typ)
			if assign_stmt.op == .decl_assign {
				g.write('$styp ')
			}
			g.expr(ident)
			if is_optional {
				mr_styp2 := mr_styp[7..]				// remove Option_
				g.writeln(' = (*(${mr_styp2}*)${mr_var_name}.data).arg$i;')
			} else {
				g.writeln(' = ${mr_var_name}.arg$i;')
			}
		}
	} else {
		// `a := 1` | `a,b := 1,2`
		for i, ident in assign_stmt.left {
			val := assign_stmt.right[i]
			ident_var_info := ident.var_info()
			styp := g.typ(ident_var_info.typ)
			mut is_call := false
			mut or_stmts := []ast.Stmt
			mut return_type := table.void_type
			match val {
				ast.CallExpr {
					is_call = true
					or_stmts = it.or_block.stmts
					return_type = it.return_type
				}
				else {}
			}
			gen_or := is_call && table.type_is(return_type, .optional)
			g.is_assign_rhs = true
			if ident.kind == .blank_ident {
				if is_call {
					g.expr(val)
				} else {
					g.write('{$styp _ = ')
					g.expr(val)
					g.writeln(';}')
				}
			} else {
				right_sym := g.table.get_type_symbol(assign_stmt.right_types[i])
				mut is_fixed_array_init := false
				match val {
					ast.ArrayInit {
						is_fixed_array_init = it.is_fixed
					}
					else {}
				}
				is_decl := assign_stmt.op == .decl_assign
				// g.write('/*assign_stmt*/')
				if is_decl {
					g.write('$styp ')
				}
				g.expr(ident)
				if g.autofree && right_sym.kind in [.array, .string] {
					if g.gen_clone_assignment(val, right_sym, true) {
						g.writeln(';')
						// g.expr_var_name = ''
						return
					}
				}
				if is_fixed_array_init {
					g.write('= {0}')
				} else {
					g.write(' = ')
					if !is_decl {
						g.expr_with_cast(val, assign_stmt.left_types[i], ident_var_info.typ)
					} else {
						g.expr(val)
					}
				}
				if gen_or {
					g.or_block(ident.name, or_stmts, return_type)
				}
			}
			g.is_assign_rhs = false
			g.writeln(';')
		}
	}
}

fn (g mut Gen) gen_clone_assignment(val ast.Expr, right_sym table.TypeSymbol, add_eq bool) bool {
	mut is_ident := false
	match val {
		ast.Ident {
			is_ident = true
		}
		ast.SelectorExpr {
			is_ident = true
		}
		else {
			return false
		}
	}
	if g.autofree && right_sym.kind == .array && is_ident {
		// `arr1 = arr2` => `arr1 = arr2.clone()`
		if add_eq {
			g.write('=')
		}
		g.write(' array_clone(&')
		g.expr(val)
		g.write(')')
	} else if g.autofree && right_sym.kind == .string && is_ident {
		if add_eq {
			g.write('=')
		}
		// `str1 = str2` => `str1 = str2.clone()`
		g.write(' string_clone(')
		g.expr(val)
		g.write(')')
	}
	return true
}

fn (g mut Gen) gen_fn_decl(it ast.FnDecl) {
	if it.is_c {
		// || it.no_body {
		return
	}
	g.reset_tmp_count()
	is_main := it.name == 'main'
	if is_main {
		if g.pref.os == .windows {
			g.write('int wmain(int ___argc, wchar_t *___argv[], wchar_t *___envp[]')
		} else {
			g.write('int ${it.name}(int ___argc, char** ___argv')
		}
	} else {
		mut name := it.name
		c := name[0]
		if c in [`+`, `-`, `*`, `/`, `%`] {
			name = util.replace_op(name)
		}
		if it.is_method {
			name = g.table.get_type_symbol(it.receiver.typ).name + '_' + name
		}
		if it.is_c {
			name = name.replace('.', '__')
		} else {
			name = c_name(name)
		}
		// if g.pref.show_cc && it.is_builtin {
		// println(name)
		// }
		// type_name := g.table.Type_to_str(it.return_type)
		type_name := g.typ(it.return_type)
		g.write('$type_name ${name}(')
		g.definitions.write('$type_name ${name}(')
	}
	// Receiver is the first argument
	/*
	if it.is_method {
		mut styp := g.typ(it.receiver.typ)
		// if table.type_nr_muls(it.receiver.typ) > 0 {
		// if it.rec_mut {
		// styp += '*'
		// }
		g.write('$styp $it.receiver.name ')
		// TODO mut
		g.definitions.write('$styp $it.receiver.name')
		if it.args.len > 0 {
			g.write(', ')
			g.definitions.write(', ')
		}
	}
*/
	//
	g.fn_args(it.args, it.is_variadic)
	if it.no_body || (g.pref.show_cc && it.is_builtin) {
		// Just a function header.
		// Builtin function bodies are defined in builtin.o
		g.definitions.writeln(');')
		g.writeln(');')
		return
	}
	g.writeln(') {')
	if !is_main {
		g.definitions.writeln(');')
	}
	if is_main {
		g.writeln('\t_vinit();')
		if g.is_importing_os() {
			if g.autofree {
				g.writeln('free(_const_os__args.data); // empty, inited in _vinit()')
			}
			if g.pref.os == .windows {
				g.writeln('\t_const_os__args = os__init_os_args_wide(___argc, ___argv);')
			} else {
				g.writeln('\t_const_os__args = os__init_os_args(___argc, (byteptr*)___argv);')
			}
		}
	}
	g.stmts(it.stmts)
	// ////////////
	if g.autofree {
		g.free_scope_vars(it.pos.pos - 1)
	}
	// /////////
	if is_main {
		if g.autofree {
			g.writeln('\t_vcleanup();')
		}
		if g.is_test {
			verror('test files cannot have function `main`')
		}
		g.writeln('\treturn 0;')
	}
	if g.defer_stmts.len > 0 {
		g.write_defer_stmts()
	}
	g.writeln('}')
	g.defer_stmts = []
	g.fn_decl = 0
}

fn (g mut Gen) free_scope_vars(pos int) {
	scope := g.file.scope.innermost(pos)
	for _, obj in scope.objects {
		match obj {
			ast.Var {
				// println('//////')
				// println(var.name)
				// println(var.typ)
				// if var.typ == 0 {
				// // TODO why 0?
				// continue
				// }
				var := *it
				sym := g.table.get_type_symbol(var.typ)
				is_optional := table.type_is(var.typ, .optional)
				if sym.kind == .array && !is_optional {
					g.writeln('array_free($var.name); // autofreed')
				}
				if sym.kind == .string && !is_optional {
					// Don't free simple string literals.
					t := typeof(var.expr)
					match var.expr {
						ast.StringLiteral {
							g.writeln('// str literal')
							continue
						}
						else {
							// NOTE/TODO: assign_stmt multi returns variables have no expr
							// since the type comes from the called fns return type
							g.writeln('// other ' + t)
							continue
						}
					}
					g.writeln('string_free($var.name); // autofreed')
				}
			}
			else {}
		}
	}
}

fn (g mut Gen) fn_args(args []table.Arg, is_variadic bool) {
	no_names := args.len > 0 && args[0].name == 'arg_1'
	for i, arg in args {
		arg_type_sym := g.table.get_type_symbol(arg.typ)
		mut arg_type_name := g.typ(arg.typ)		// arg_type_sym.name.replace('.', '__')
		is_varg := i == args.len - 1 && is_variadic
		if is_varg {
			varg_type_str := int(arg.typ).str()
			if !(varg_type_str in g.variadic_args) {
				g.variadic_args[varg_type_str] = 0
			}
			arg_type_name = 'varg_' + g.typ(arg.typ).replace('*', '_ptr')
		}
		if arg_type_sym.kind == .function {
			info := arg_type_sym.info as table.FnType
			func := info.func
			if !info.is_anon {
				g.write(arg_type_name + ' ' + arg.name)
				g.definitions.write(arg_type_name + ' ' + arg.name)
			} else {
				g.write('${g.typ(func.return_type)} (*$arg.name)(')
				g.definitions.write('${g.typ(func.return_type)} (*$arg.name)(')
				g.fn_args(func.args, func.is_variadic)
				g.write(')')
				g.definitions.write(')')
			}
		} else if no_names {
			g.write(arg_type_name)
			g.definitions.write(arg_type_name)
		} else {
			mut nr_muls := table.type_nr_muls(arg.typ)
			s := arg_type_name + ' ' + arg.name
			if arg.is_mut {
				// mut arg needs one *
				nr_muls = 1
			}
			// if nr_muls > 0 && !is_varg {
			// s = arg_type_name + strings.repeat(`*`, nr_muls) + ' ' + arg.name
			// }
			g.write(s)
			g.definitions.write(s)
		}
		if i < args.len - 1 {
			g.write(', ')
			g.definitions.write(', ')
		}
	}
}

fn (g mut Gen) expr(node ast.Expr) {
	// println('cgen expr() line_nr=$node.pos.line_nr')
	match node {
		ast.ArrayInit {
			type_sym := g.table.get_type_symbol(it.typ)
			if type_sym.kind != .array_fixed {
				elem_sym := g.table.get_type_symbol(it.elem_type)
				elem_type_str := g.typ(it.elem_type)
				if it.exprs.len == 0 {
					g.write('new_array($it.exprs.len, $it.exprs.len, sizeof($elem_type_str))')
				} else {
					len := it.exprs.len
					g.write('new_array_from_c_array($len, $len, sizeof($elem_type_str), ')
					g.write('($elem_type_str[$len]){\n\t\t')
					for expr in it.exprs {
						g.expr(expr)
						g.write(', ')
					}
					g.write('\n})')
				}
			} else {
			}
		}
		ast.AsCast {
			styp := g.typ(it.typ)
			expr_type_sym := g.table.get_type_symbol(it.expr_type)
			if expr_type_sym.kind == .sum_type {
				g.write('/* as */ *($styp*)')
				g.expr(it.expr)
				g.write('.obj')
			}
		}
		ast.AssignExpr {
			g.assign_expr(it)
		}
		ast.Assoc {
			g.assoc(it)
		}
		ast.BoolLiteral {
			g.write(it.val.str())
		}
		ast.CallExpr {
			g.call_expr(it)
		}
		ast.CastExpr {
			// g.write('/*cast*/')
			if g.is_amp {
				// &Foo(0) => ((Foo*)0)
				g.out.go_back(1)
			}
			sym := g.table.get_type_symbol(it.typ)
			if sym.kind == .string && !table.type_is_ptr(it.typ) {
				// `string(x)` needs `tos()`, but not `&string(x)
				// `tos(str, len)`, `tos2(str)`
				if it.has_arg {
					g.write('tos(')
				} else {
					g.write('tos2(')
				}
				g.expr(it.expr)
				expr_sym := g.table.get_type_symbol(it.expr_type)
				if expr_sym.kind == .array {
					// if we are casting an array, we need to add `.data`
					g.write('.data')
				}
				if it.has_arg {
					// len argument
					g.write(', ')
					g.expr(it.arg)
				}
				g.write(')')
			} else if sym.kind == .sum_type {
				g.expr_with_cast(it.expr, it.expr_type, it.typ)
			} else {
				// styp := g.table.Type_to_str(it.typ)
				styp := g.typ(it.typ)
				// g.write('($styp)(')
				g.write('(($styp)(')
				// if g.is_amp {
				// g.write('*')
				// }
				// g.write(')(')
				g.expr(it.expr)
				g.write('))')
			}
		}
		ast.CharLiteral {
			g.write("'$it.val'")
		}
		ast.EnumVal {
			// g.write('/*EnumVal*/${it.mod}${it.enum_name}_$it.val')
			styp := g.typ(it.typ)
			g.write(styp)
			g.write('_$it.val')
		}
		ast.FloatLiteral {
			g.write(it.val)
		}
		ast.Ident {
			g.ident(it)
		}
		ast.IfExpr {
			g.if_expr(it)
		}
		ast.IfGuardExpr {
			g.write('/* guard */')
		}
		ast.IndexExpr {
			g.index_expr(it)
		}
		ast.InfixExpr {
			g.infix_expr(it)
		}
		ast.IntegerLiteral {
			if it.val.starts_with('0o') {
				g.write('0')
				g.write(it.val[2..])
			} else {
				g.write(it.val)				// .int().str())
			}
		}
		ast.MatchExpr {
			g.match_expr(it)
		}
		ast.MapInit {
			key_typ_sym := g.table.get_type_symbol(it.key_type)
			value_typ_sym := g.table.get_type_symbol(it.value_type)
			key_typ_str := key_typ_sym.name.replace('.', '__')
			value_typ_str := value_typ_sym.name.replace('.', '__')
			size := it.vals.len
			if size > 0 {
				g.write('new_map_init($size, sizeof($value_typ_str), (${key_typ_str}[$size]){')
				for expr in it.keys {
					g.expr(expr)
					g.write(', ')
				}
				g.write('}, (${value_typ_str}[$size]){')
				for expr in it.vals {
					g.expr(expr)
					g.write(', ')
				}
				g.write('})')
			} else {
				g.write('new_map(1, sizeof($value_typ_str))')
			}
		}
		ast.None {
			g.write('opt_none()')
		}
		ast.ParExpr {
			g.write('(')
			g.expr(it.expr)
			g.write(')')
		}
		ast.PostfixExpr {
			g.expr(it.expr)
			g.write(it.op.str())
		}
		ast.PrefixExpr {
			if it.op == .amp {
				g.is_amp = true
			}
			// g.write('/*pref*/')
			g.write(it.op.str())
			// g.write('(')
			g.expr(it.right)
			// g.write(')')
			g.is_amp = false
		}
		ast.SizeOf {
			if it.type_name != '' {
				g.write('sizeof($it.type_name)')
			} else {
				styp := g.typ(it.typ)
				g.write('sizeof($styp)')
			}
		}
		ast.StringLiteral {
			if it.is_raw {
				escaped_val := it.val.replace_each(['"', '\\"', '\\', '\\\\'])
				g.write('tos3("$escaped_val")')
				return
			}
			escaped_val := it.val.replace_each(['"', '\\"', '\r\n', '\\n', '\n', '\\n'])
			if g.is_c_call || it.is_c {
				// In C calls we have to generate C strings
				// `C.printf("hi")` => `printf("hi");`
				g.write('"$escaped_val"')
			} else {
				g.write('tos3("$escaped_val")')
			}
		}
		ast.StringInterLiteral {
			g.string_inter_literal(it)
		}
		ast.StructInit {
			// `user := User{name: 'Bob'}`
			g.struct_init(it)
		}
		ast.SelectorExpr {
			g.expr(it.expr)
			// if table.type_nr_muls(it.expr_type) > 0 {
			if table.type_is_ptr(it.expr_type) {
				g.write('->')
			} else {
				// g.write('. /*typ=  $it.expr_type */') // ${g.typ(it.expr_type)} /')
				g.write('.')
			}
			if it.expr_type == 0 {
				verror('cgen: SelectorExpr typ=0 field=$it.field')
			}
			g.write(c_name(it.field))
		}
		ast.Type {
			// match sum Type
			// g.write('/* Type */')
			type_idx := table.type_idx(it.typ)
			sym := g.table.get_type_symbol(it.typ)
			g.write('$type_idx /* $sym.name */')
		}
		ast.TypeOf {
			g.typeof_expr(it)
		}
		else {
			// #printf("node=%d\n", node.typ);
			println(term.red('cgen.expr(): bad node ' + typeof(node)))
		}
	}
}

fn (g mut Gen) typeof_expr(node ast.TypeOf) {
	sym := g.table.get_type_symbol(node.expr_type)
	if sym.kind == .sum_type {
		// When encountering a .sum_type, typeof() should be done at runtime,
		// because the subtype of the expression may change:
		sum_type_idx := table.type_idx(node.expr_type)
		g.write('tos3( /* ${sym.name} */ v_typeof_sumtype_${sum_type_idx}( (')
		g.expr(node.expr)
		g.write(').typ ))')
	} else if sym.kind == .array_fixed {
		fixed_info := sym.info as table.ArrayFixed
		elem_sym := g.table.get_type_symbol(fixed_info.elem_type)
		g.write('tos3("[$fixed_info.size]${elem_sym.name}")')
	} else {
		g.write('tos3("${sym.name}")')
	}
}

fn (g mut Gen) enum_expr(node ast.Expr) {
	match node {
		ast.EnumVal {
			g.write(it.val)
		}
		else {
			g.expr(node)
		}
	}
}

fn (g mut Gen) assign_expr(node ast.AssignExpr) {
	// g.write('/*assign_expr*/')
	mut is_call := false
	mut or_stmts := []ast.Stmt
	mut return_type := table.void_type
	match node.val {
		ast.CallExpr {
			is_call = true
			or_stmts = it.or_block.stmts
			return_type = it.return_type
		}
		else {}
	}
	gen_or := is_call && table.type_is(return_type, .optional)
	tmp_opt := if gen_or { g.new_tmp_var() } else { '' }
	if gen_or {
		rstyp := g.typ(return_type)
		g.write('$rstyp $tmp_opt =')
	}
	g.is_assign_rhs = true
	if ast.expr_is_blank_ident(node.left) {
		if is_call {
			g.expr(node.val)
		} else {
			// g.write('{${g.typ(node.left_type)} _ = ')
			g.write('{')
			g.expr(node.val)
			g.writeln(';}')
		}
	} else {
		g.is_assign_lhs = true
		if table.type_is(node.right_type, .optional) {
			g.right_is_opt = true
		}
		mut str_add := false
		if node.left_type == table.string_type_idx && node.op == .plus_assign {
			// str += str2 => `str = string_add(str, str2)`
			g.expr(node.left)
			g.write(' = string_add(')
			str_add = true
		}
		g.assign_op = node.op
		g.expr(node.left)
		// arr[i] = val => `array_set(arr, i, val)`, not `array_get(arr, i) = val`
		if !g.is_array_set && !str_add {
			g.write(' $node.op.str() ')
		} else if str_add {
			g.write(', ')
		}
		g.is_assign_lhs = false
		right_sym := g.table.get_type_symbol(node.right_type)
		// left_sym := g.table.get_type_symbol(node.left_type)
		mut cloned := false
		// !g.is_array_set
		if g.autofree && right_sym.kind in [.array, .string] {
			if g.gen_clone_assignment(node.val, right_sym, false) {
				cloned = true
			}
		}
		if !cloned {
			g.expr_with_cast(node.val, node.right_type, node.left_type)
		}
		if g.is_array_set {
			g.write(' })')
			g.is_array_set = false
		} else if str_add {
			g.write(')')
		}
		g.right_is_opt = false
	}
	if gen_or {
		g.or_block(tmp_opt, or_stmts, return_type)
	}
	g.is_assign_rhs = false
}

fn (g mut Gen) infix_expr(node ast.InfixExpr) {
	// println('infix_expr() op="$node.op.str()" line_nr=$node.pos.line_nr')
	// g.write('/*infix*/')
	// if it.left_type == table.string_type_idx {
	// g.write('/*$node.left_type str*/')
	// }
	// string + string, string == string etc
	// g.infix_op = node.op
	left_sym := g.table.get_type_symbol(node.left_type)
	right_sym := g.table.get_type_symbol(node.right_type)
	if node.left_type == table.string_type_idx && node.op != .key_in {
		fn_name := match node.op {
			.plus {
				'string_add('
			}
			.eq {
				'string_eq('
			}
			.ne {
				'string_ne('
			}
			.lt {
				'string_lt('
			}
			.le {
				'string_le('
			}
			.gt {
				'string_gt('
			}
			.ge {
				'string_ge('
			}
			else {
				'/*node error*/'
			}
		}
		g.write(fn_name)
		g.expr(node.left)
		g.write(', ')
		g.expr(node.right)
		g.write(')')
	} else if node.op in [.eq, .ne] && left_sym.kind == .array && right_sym.kind == .array {
		styp := g.table.value_type(node.left_type)
		ptr_typ := g.typ(node.left_type).split('_')[1]
		if !(ptr_typ in g.array_fn_definitions) {
			sym := g.table.get_type_symbol(left_sym.array_info().elem_type)
			g.generate_array_equality_fn(ptr_typ, styp, sym)
		}
		if node.op == .eq {
			g.write('${ptr_typ}_arr_eq(')
		} else if node.op == .ne {
			g.write('!${ptr_typ}_arr_eq(')
		}
		g.expr(node.left)
		g.write(', ')
		g.expr(node.right)
		g.write(')')
	} else if node.op == .key_in {
		if right_sym.kind == .array {
			match node.right {
				ast.ArrayInit {
					// `a in [1,2,3]` optimization => `a == 1 || a == 2 || a == 3`
					// avoids an allocation
					// g.write('/*in opt*/')
					g.write('(')
					g.in_optimization(node.left, it)
					g.write(')')
					return
				}
				else {}
			}
			styp := g.typ(node.left_type)
			g.write('_IN($styp, ')
			g.expr(node.left)
			g.write(', ')
			g.expr(node.right)
			g.write(')')
		} else if right_sym.kind == .map {
			g.write('_IN_MAP(')
			g.expr(node.left)
			g.write(', ')
			g.expr(node.right)
			g.write(')')
		} else if right_sym.kind == .string {
			g.write('string_contains(')
			g.expr(node.right)
			g.write(', ')
			g.expr(node.left)
			g.write(')')
		}
	} else if node.op == .left_shift && g.table.get_type_symbol(node.left_type).kind == .array {
		// arr << val
		tmp := g.new_tmp_var()
		sym := g.table.get_type_symbol(node.left_type)
		info := sym.info as table.Array
		if right_sym.kind == .array && info.elem_type != node.right_type {
			// push an array => PUSH_MANY, but not if pushing an array to 2d array (`[][]int << []int`)
			g.write('_PUSH_MANY(&')
			g.expr_with_cast(node.left, node.right_type, node.left_type)
			g.write(', (')
			g.expr(node.right)
			styp := g.typ(node.left_type)
			g.write('), $tmp, $styp)')
		} else {
			// push a single element
			elem_type_str := g.typ(info.elem_type)
			// g.write('array_push(&')
			g.write('_PUSH(&')
			g.expr_with_cast(node.left, node.right_type, info.elem_type)
			g.write(', (')
			g.expr(node.right)
			g.write('), $tmp, $elem_type_str)')
		}
	} else if (node.left_type == node.right_type) && node.left_type in [table.f32_type_idx,
		table.f64_type_idx] && node.op in [.eq, .ne] {
		// floats should be compared with epsilon
		if node.left_type == table.f64_type_idx {
			if node.op == .eq {
				g.write('f64_eq(')
			} else {
				g.write('f64_ne(')
			}
		} else {
			if node.op == .eq {
				g.write('f32_eq(')
			} else {
				g.write('f32_ne(')
			}
		}
		g.expr(node.left)
		g.write(',')
		g.expr(node.right)
		g.write(')')
	} else if node.op in [.plus, .minus, .mul, .div, .mod] && (left_sym.name[0].is_capital() ||
		left_sym.name.contains('.')) && left_sym.kind != .alias {
		// !left_sym.is_number() {
		g.write(g.typ(node.left_type))
		g.write('_')
		g.write(util.replace_op(node.op.str()))
		g.write('(')
		g.expr(node.left)
		g.write(', ')
		g.expr(node.right)
		g.write(')')
	} else {
		need_par := node.op in [.amp, .pipe, .xor]		// `x & y == 0` => `(x & y) == 0` in C
		if need_par {
			g.write('(')
		}
		g.expr(node.left)
		g.write(' $node.op.str() ')
		g.expr(node.right)
		if need_par {
			g.write(')')
		}
	}
}

fn (g mut Gen) match_expr(node ast.MatchExpr) {
	// println('match expr typ=$it.expr_type')
	// TODO
	if node.cond_type == 0 {
		g.writeln('// match 0')
		return
	}
	is_expr := node.is_expr && node.return_type != table.void_type
	if is_expr {
		g.inside_ternary = true
		// g.write('/* EM ret type=${g.typ(node.return_type)}		expected_type=${g.typ(node.expected_type)}  */')
	}
	type_sym := g.table.get_type_symbol(node.cond_type)
	mut tmp := ''
	if type_sym.kind != .void {
		tmp = g.new_tmp_var()
	}
	// styp := g.typ(node.expr_type)
	// g.write('$styp $tmp = ')
	// g.expr(node.cond)
	// g.writeln(';') // $it.blocks.len')
	// mut sum_type_str = ''
	for j, branch in node.branches {
		if j == node.branches.len - 1 {
			// last block is an `else{}`
			if is_expr {
				// TODO too many branches. maybe separate ?: matches
				g.write(' : ')
			} else {
				g.writeln('else {')
			}
		} else {
			if j > 0 {
				if is_expr {
					g.write(' : ')
				} else {
					g.write('else ')
				}
			}
			if is_expr {
				g.write('(')
			} else {
				g.write('if (')
			}
			for i, expr in branch.exprs {
				if node.is_sum_type {
					g.expr(node.cond)
					g.write('.typ == ')
					// g.write('${tmp}.typ == ')
					// sum_type_str
				} else if type_sym.kind == .string {
					g.write('string_eq(')
					//
					g.expr(node.cond)
					g.write(', ')
					// g.write('string_eq($tmp, ')
				} else {
					g.expr(node.cond)
					g.write(' == ')
					// g.write('$tmp == ')
				}
				g.expr(expr)
				if type_sym.kind == .string {
					g.write(')')
				}
				if i < branch.exprs.len - 1 {
					g.write(' || ')
				}
			}
			if is_expr {
				g.write(') ? ')
			} else {
				g.writeln(') {')
			}
		}
		// g.writeln('/* M sum_type=$node.is_sum_type is_expr=$node.is_expr exp_type=${g.typ(node.expected_type)}*/')
		if node.is_sum_type && branch.exprs.len > 0 && !node.is_expr {
			// The first node in expr is an ast.Type
			// Use it to generate `it` variable.
			first_expr := branch.exprs[0]
			match first_expr {
				ast.Type {
					it_type := g.typ(it.typ)
					// g.writeln('$it_type* it = ($it_type*)${tmp}.obj; // ST it')
					g.write('\t$it_type* it = ($it_type*)')
					g.expr(node.cond)
					g.writeln('.obj; // ST it')
				}
				else {
					verror('match sum type')
				}
			}
		}
		g.stmts(branch.stmts)
		if !g.inside_ternary {
			g.writeln('}')
		}
	}
	g.inside_ternary = false
}

fn (g mut Gen) ident(node ast.Ident) {
	if node.name == 'lld' {
		return
	}
	if node.name.starts_with('C.') {
		g.write(node.name[2..].replace('.', '__'))
		return
	}
	if node.kind == .constant && !node.name.starts_with('g_') {
		// TODO globals hack
		g.write('_const_')
	}
	name := c_name(node.name)
	// TODO `is`
	match node.info {
		ast.IdentVar {
			// x ?int
			// `x = 10` => `x.data = 10` (g.right_is_opt == false)
			// `x = new_opt()` => `x = new_opt()` (g.right_is_opt == true)
			// `println(x)` => `println(*(int*)x.data)`
			if it.is_optional && !(g.is_assign_lhs && g.right_is_opt) {
				g.write('/*opt*/')
				styp := g.typ(it.typ)[7..]				// Option_int => int TODO perf?
				g.write('(*($styp*)${name}.data)')
				return
			}
		}
		else {}
	}
	g.write(name)
}

fn (g mut Gen) if_expr(node ast.IfExpr) {
	// println('if_expr pos=$node.pos.line_nr')
	// g.writeln('/* if is_expr=$node.is_expr */')
	// If expression? Assign the value to a temp var.
	// Previously ?: was used, but it's too unreliable.
	type_sym := g.table.get_type_symbol(node.typ)
	mut tmp := ''
	if type_sym.kind != .void {
		tmp = g.new_tmp_var()
		// g.writeln('$ti.name $tmp;')
	}
	// one line ?:
	// TODO clean this up once `is` is supported
	// TODO: make sure only one stmt in each branch
	if node.is_expr && node.branches.len >= 2 && node.has_else && type_sym.kind != .void {
		g.inside_ternary = true
		g.write('(')
		for i, branch in node.branches {
			if i > 0 {
				g.write(' : ')
			}
			if i < node.branches.len - 1 || !node.has_else {
				g.expr(branch.cond)
				g.write(' ? ')
			}
			g.stmts(branch.stmts)
		}
		g.write(')')
		g.inside_ternary = false
	} else {
		guard_ok := g.new_tmp_var()
		mut is_guard := false
		for i, branch in node.branches {
			if i == 0 {
				match branch.cond {
					ast.IfGuardExpr {
						is_guard = true
						g.writeln('bool $guard_ok;')
						g.write('{ /* if guard */ ${g.typ(it.expr_type)} $it.var_name = ')
						g.expr(it.expr)
						g.writeln(';')
						g.writeln('if (($guard_ok = ${it.var_name}.ok)) {')
					}
					else {
						g.write('if (')
						g.expr(branch.cond)
						g.writeln(') {')
					}
				}
			} else if i < node.branches.len - 1 || !node.has_else {
				g.write('} else if (')
				g.expr(branch.cond)
				g.writeln(') {')
			} else if i == node.branches.len - 1 && node.has_else {
				if is_guard {
					g.writeln('} if (!$guard_ok) { /* else */')
				} else {
					g.writeln('} else {')
				}
			}
			// Assign ret value
			// if i == node.stmts.len - 1 && type_sym.kind != .void {}
			// g.writeln('$tmp =')
			g.stmts(branch.stmts)
		}
		if is_guard {
			g.write('}')
		}
		g.writeln('}')
	}
}

fn (g mut Gen) index_expr(node ast.IndexExpr) {
	// TODO else doesn't work with sum types
	mut is_range := false
	match node.index {
		ast.RangeExpr {
			sym := g.table.get_type_symbol(node.left_type)
			is_range = true
			if sym.kind == .string {
				g.write('string_substr(')
				g.expr(node.left)
			} else if sym.kind == .array {
				g.write('array_slice(')
				g.expr(node.left)
			} else if sym.kind == .array_fixed {
				// Convert a fixed array to V array when doing `fixed_arr[start..end]`
				g.write('array_slice(new_array_from_c_array(_ARR_LEN(')
				g.expr(node.left)
				g.write('), _ARR_LEN(')
				g.expr(node.left)
				g.write('), sizeof(')
				g.expr(node.left)
				g.write('[0]), ')
				g.expr(node.left)
				g.write(')')
			} else {
				g.expr(node.left)
			}
			g.write(', ')
			if it.has_low {
				g.expr(it.low)
			} else {
				g.write('0')
			}
			g.write(', ')
			if it.has_high {
				g.expr(it.high)
			} else {
				g.expr(node.left)
				g.write('.len')
			}
			g.write(')')
			return
		}
		else {}
	}
	if !is_range {
		sym := g.table.get_type_symbol(node.left_type)
		left_is_ptr := table.type_is_ptr(node.left_type)
		if table.type_is(node.left_type, .variadic) {
			g.expr(node.left)
			g.write('.args')
			g.write('[')
			g.expr(node.index)
			g.write(']')
		} else if sym.kind == .array {
			info := sym.info as table.Array
			elem_type_str := g.typ(info.elem_type)
			// `vals[i].field = x` is an exception and requires `array_get`:
			// `(*(Val*)array_get(vals, i)).field = x ;`
			mut is_selector := false
			match node.left {
				ast.SelectorExpr {
					is_selector = true
				}
				else {}
			}
			if g.is_assign_lhs && !is_selector && node.is_setter {
				g.is_array_set = true
				g.write('array_set(')
				if !left_is_ptr {
					g.write('&')
				}
				g.expr(node.left)
				g.write(', ')
				g.expr(node.index)
				g.write(', &($elem_type_str[]) { ')
				// `x[0] *= y`
				if g.assign_op in [.mult_assign] {
					g.write('*($elem_type_str*)array_get(')
					if left_is_ptr {
						g.write('*')
					}
					g.expr(node.left)
					g.write(', ')
					g.expr(node.index)
					g.write(') ')
					op := match g.assign_op {
						.mult_assign {
							'*'
						}
						else {
							''
						}
					}
					g.write(op)
				}
			} else {
				g.write('(*($elem_type_str*)array_get(')
				if left_is_ptr {
					g.write('*')
				}
				g.expr(node.left)
				g.write(', ')
				g.expr(node.index)
				g.write('))')
			}
		} else if sym.kind == .map {
			info := sym.info as table.Map
			elem_type_str := g.typ(info.value_type)
			if g.is_assign_lhs {
				g.is_array_set = true
				g.write('map_set(')
				if !left_is_ptr {
					g.write('&')
				}
				g.expr(node.left)
				g.write(', ')
				g.expr(node.index)
				g.write(', &($elem_type_str[]) { ')
			} else {
				/*
				g.write('(*($elem_type_str*)map_get2(')
				g.expr(node.left)
					g.write(', ')
					g.expr(node.index)
					g.write('))')
*/
				zero := g.type_default(info.value_type)
				g.write('(*($elem_type_str*)map_get3(')
				g.expr(node.left)
				g.write(', ')
				g.expr(node.index)
				g.write(', &($elem_type_str[]){ $zero }))')
			}
		} else if sym.kind == .string && !table.type_is_ptr(node.left_type) {
			g.write('string_at(')
			g.expr(node.left)
			g.write(', ')
			g.expr(node.index)
			g.write(')')
		} else {
			g.expr(node.left)
			g.write('[')
			g.expr(node.index)
			g.write(']')
		}
	}
}

fn (g mut Gen) return_statement(node ast.Return) {
	g.write('return')
	if g.fn_decl.name == 'main' {
		g.writeln(' 0;')
		return
	}
	fn_return_is_optional := table.type_is(g.fn_decl.return_type, .optional)
	// multiple returns
	if node.exprs.len > 1 {
		g.write(' ')
		typ_sym := g.table.get_type_symbol(g.fn_decl.return_type)
		mr_info := typ_sym.info as table.MultiReturn
		mut styp := g.typ(g.fn_decl.return_type)
		if fn_return_is_optional {			// && !table.type_is(node.types[0], .optional) && node.types[0] !=
			styp = styp[7..]			// remove 'Option_'
			g.write('opt_ok(& ($styp []) { ')
		}
		g.write('($styp){')
		for i, expr in node.exprs {
			g.write('.arg$i=')
			g.expr(expr)
			if i < node.exprs.len - 1 {
				g.write(',')
			}
		}
		g.write('}')
		if fn_return_is_optional {
			g.write(' }, sizeof($styp))')
		}
	} else if node.exprs.len == 1 {
		// normal return
		g.write(' ')
		return_sym := g.table.get_type_symbol(node.types[0])
		// `return opt_ok(expr)` for functions that expect an optional
		if fn_return_is_optional && !table.type_is(node.types[0], .optional) && return_sym.name !=
			'Option' {
			mut is_none := false
			mut is_error := false
			expr0 := node.exprs[0]
			match expr0 {
				ast.None {
					is_none = true
				}
				ast.CallExpr {
					// TODO: why?
					// if !it.is_method {
					if it.name == 'error' {
						is_error = true						// TODO check name 'error'
					}
				}
				else {}
			}
			if !is_none && !is_error {
				styp := g.typ(g.fn_decl.return_type)[7..]				// remove 'Option_'
				g.write('/*:)$return_sym.name*/opt_ok(&($styp []) { ')
				g.expr(node.exprs[0])
				g.writeln(' }, sizeof($styp));')
				return
			}
			// g.write('/*OPTIONAL*/')
		}
		if !table.type_is_ptr(g.fn_decl.return_type) && table.type_is_ptr(node.types[0]) {
			// Automatic Dereference
			g.write('*')
		}
		g.expr_with_cast(node.exprs[0], node.types[0], g.fn_decl.return_type)
	}
	g.writeln(';')
}

fn (g mut Gen) const_decl(node ast.ConstDecl) {
	for i, field in node.fields {
		name := c_name(field.name)
		// TODO hack. Cut the generated value and paste it into definitions.
		pos := g.out.len
		g.expr(field.expr)
		val := g.out.after(pos)
		g.out.go_back(val.len)
		match field.expr {
			ast.CharLiteral {
				g.const_decl_simple_define(name, val)
			}
			ast.IntegerLiteral {
				g.const_decl_simple_define(name, val)
			}
			ast.StringLiteral {
				g.definitions.writeln('string _const_$name; // a string literal, inited later')
				if g.pref.build_mode != .build_module {
					g.stringliterals.writeln('\t_const_$name = $val;')
				}
			}
			else {
				// Initialize more complex consts in `void _vinit(){}`
				// (C doesn't allow init expressions that can't be resolved at compile time).
				styp := g.typ(field.typ)
				g.definitions.writeln('$styp _const_$name; // inited later')
				g.inits.writeln('\t_const_$name = $val;')
			}
		}
	}
}

fn (g mut Gen) const_decl_simple_define(name, val string) {
	// Simple expressions should use a #define
	// so that we don't pollute the binary with unnecessary global vars
	// Do not do this when building a module, otherwise the consts
	// will not be accessible.
	g.definitions.write('#define _const_$name ')
	g.definitions.writeln(val)
}

fn (g mut Gen) struct_init(it ast.StructInit) {
	mut info := table.Struct{}
	mut is_struct := false
	sym := g.table.get_type_symbol(it.typ)
	if sym.kind == .struct_ {
		is_struct = true
		info = sym.info as table.Struct
	}
	// info := g.table.get_type_symbol(it.typ).info as table.Struct
	// println(info.fields.len)
	styp := g.typ(it.typ)
	is_amp := g.is_amp
	if is_amp {
		g.out.go_back(1)		// delete the & already generated in `prefix_expr()
		g.write('($styp*)memdup(&($styp){')
	} else {
		g.writeln('($styp){')
	}
	mut fields := []string
	mut inited_fields := []string	// TODO this is done in checker, move to ast node
	if it.fields.len == 0 && it.exprs.len > 0 {
		// Get fields for {a,b} short syntax. Fields array wasn't set in the parser.
		for f in info.fields {
			fields << f.name
		}
	} else {
		fields = it.fields
	}
	// / User set fields
	for i, field in fields {
		field_name := c_name(field)
		inited_fields << field
		g.write('\t.$field_name = ')
		g.expr_with_cast(it.exprs[i], it.expr_types[i], it.expected_types[i])
		g.writeln(',')
	}
	// The rest of the fields are zeroed.
	if is_struct {
		for field in info.fields {
			if field.name in inited_fields {
				continue
			}
			if table.type_is(field.typ, .optional) {
				// TODO handle/require optionals in inits
				continue
			}
			field_name := c_name(field.name)
			zero := if field.default_val != '' { field.default_val } else { g.type_default(field.typ) }
			g.writeln('\t.$field_name = $zero,')			// zer0')
		}
	}
	if it.fields.len == 0 && info.fields.len == 0 {
		g.write('0')
	}
	g.write('}')
	if is_amp {
		g.write(', sizeof($styp))')
	}
}

// { user | name: 'new name' }
fn (g mut Gen) assoc(node ast.Assoc) {
	g.writeln('// assoc')
	if node.typ == 0 {
		return
	}
	styp := g.typ(node.typ)
	g.writeln('($styp){')
	for i, field in node.fields {
		field_name := c_name(field)
		g.write('\t.$field_name = ')
		g.expr(node.exprs[i])
		g.writeln(', ')
	}
	// Copy the rest of the fields.
	sym := g.table.get_type_symbol(node.typ)
	info := sym.info as table.Struct
	for field in info.fields {
		if field.name in node.fields {
			continue
		}
		field_name := c_name(field.name)
		g.writeln('\t.$field_name = ${node.var_name}.$field_name,')
	}
	g.write('}')
	if g.is_amp {
		g.write(', sizeof($styp))')
	}
}

fn (g mut Gen) call_args(args []ast.CallArg, expected_types []table.Type) {
	is_variadic := expected_types.len > 0 && table.type_is(expected_types[expected_types.len -
		1], .variadic)
	mut arg_no := 0
	for arg in args {
		if is_variadic && arg_no == expected_types.len - 1 {
			break
		}
		// some c fn definitions dont have args (cfns.v) or are not updated in checker
		// when these are fixed we wont need this check
		if arg_no < expected_types.len {
			g.ref_or_deref_arg(arg, expected_types[arg_no])
		} else {
			g.expr(arg.expr)
		}
		if arg_no < args.len - 1 || is_variadic {
			g.write(', ')
		}
		arg_no++
	}
	if is_variadic {
		varg_type := expected_types[expected_types.len - 1]
		struct_name := 'varg_' + g.typ(varg_type).replace('*', '_ptr')
		variadic_count := args.len - arg_no
		varg_type_str := int(varg_type).str()
		if variadic_count > g.variadic_args[varg_type_str] {
			g.variadic_args[varg_type_str] = variadic_count
		}
		g.write('($struct_name){.len=$variadic_count,.args={')
		if variadic_count > 0 {
			for j in arg_no .. args.len {
				g.ref_or_deref_arg(args[j], varg_type)
				if j < args.len - 1 {
					g.write(', ')
				}
			}
		} else {
			g.write('0')
		}
		g.write('}}')
	}
}

fn (g mut Gen) generate_array_equality_fn(ptr_typ string, styp table.Type, sym &table.TypeSymbol) {
	g.array_fn_definitions << ptr_typ
	g.definitions.writeln('bool ${ptr_typ}_arr_eq(array_${ptr_typ} a, array_${ptr_typ} b) {')
	g.definitions.writeln('\tif (a.len != b.len) {')
	g.definitions.writeln('\t\treturn false;')
	g.definitions.writeln('\t}')
	g.definitions.writeln('\tfor (int i = 0; i < a.len; i++) {')
	if styp == table.string_type_idx {
		g.definitions.writeln('\t\tif (string_ne(*((${ptr_typ}*)(a.data+(i*a.element_size))), *((${ptr_typ}*)(b.data+(i*b.element_size))))) {')
	} else if sym.kind == .struct_ {
		g.definitions.writeln('\t\tif (memcmp((void*)(a.data+(i*a.element_size)), (void*)(b.data+(i*b.element_size)), a.element_size)) {')
	} else {
		g.definitions.writeln('\t\tif (*((${ptr_typ}*)(a.data+(i*a.element_size))) != *((${ptr_typ}*)(b.data+(i*b.element_size)))) {')
	}
	g.definitions.writeln('\t\t\treturn false;')
	g.definitions.writeln('\t\t}')
	g.definitions.writeln('\t}')
	g.definitions.writeln('\treturn true;')
	g.definitions.writeln('}')
}

[inline]
fn (g mut Gen) ref_or_deref_arg(arg ast.CallArg, expected_type table.Type) {
	arg_is_ptr := table.type_is_ptr(expected_type) || table.type_idx(expected_type) in table.pointer_type_idxs
	expr_is_ptr := table.type_is_ptr(arg.typ) || table.type_idx(arg.typ) in table.pointer_type_idxs
	if arg.is_mut && !arg_is_ptr {
		g.write('&/*mut*/')
	} else if arg_is_ptr && !expr_is_ptr {
		if arg.is_mut {
			sym := g.table.get_type_symbol(expected_type)
			if sym.kind == .array {
				// Special case for mutable arrays. We can't `&` function
				// results,	have to use `(array[]){ expr }[0]` hack.
				g.write('&/*111*/(array[]){')
				g.expr(arg.expr)
				g.write('}[0]')
				return
			}
		}
		g.write('&/*qq*/')
	} else if !arg_is_ptr && expr_is_ptr {
		// Dereference a pointer if a value is required
		g.write('*/*d*/')
	}
	g.expr_with_cast(arg.expr, arg.typ, expected_type)
}

fn verror(s string) {
	util.verror('cgen error', s)
}

fn (g mut Gen) write_init_function() {
	g.writeln('void _vinit() {')
	g.writeln('\tbuiltin_init();')
	g.writeln('\tvinit_string_literals();')
	g.writeln(g.inits.str())
	g.writeln('}')
	if g.autofree {
		g.writeln('void _vcleanup() {')
		// g.writeln('puts("cleaning up...");')
		if g.is_importing_os() {
			g.writeln('free(_const_os__args.data);')
			g.writeln('string_free(_const_os__wd_at_startup);')
		}
		g.writeln('free(_const_strconv__ftoa__powers_of_10.data);')
		g.writeln('}')
	}
}

fn (g mut Gen) write_str_fn_definitions() {
	// _STR function can't be defined in vlib
	g.writeln('
string _STR(const char *fmt, ...) {
	va_list argptr;
	va_start(argptr, fmt);
	size_t len = vsnprintf(0, 0, fmt, argptr) + 1;
	va_end(argptr);
	byte* buf = malloc(len);
	va_start(argptr, fmt);
	vsprintf((char *)buf, fmt, argptr);
	va_end(argptr);
#ifdef DEBUG_ALLOC
	puts("_STR:");
	puts(buf);
#endif
	return tos2(buf);
}

string _STR_TMP(const char *fmt, ...) {
	va_list argptr;
	va_start(argptr, fmt);
	//size_t len = vsnprintf(0, 0, fmt, argptr) + 1;
	va_end(argptr);
	va_start(argptr, fmt);
	vsprintf((char *)g_str_buf, fmt, argptr);
	va_end(argptr);
#ifdef DEBUG_ALLOC
	//puts("_STR_TMP:");
	//puts(g_str_buf);
#endif
	return tos2(g_str_buf);
} // endof _STR_TMP

')
}

const (
	builtins = ['string', 'array', 'KeyValue', 'DenseArray', 'map', 'Option']
)

fn (g mut Gen) write_builtin_types() {
	mut builtin_types := []table.TypeSymbol	// builtin types
	// builtin types need to be on top
	// everything except builtin will get sorted
	for builtin_name in builtins {
		builtin_types << g.table.types[g.table.type_idxs[builtin_name]]
	}
	g.write_types(builtin_types)
}

// C struct definitions, ordered
// Sort the types, make sure types that are referenced by other types
// are added before them.
fn (g mut Gen) write_sorted_types() {
	mut types := []table.TypeSymbol	// structs that need to be sorted
	for typ in g.table.types {
		if !(typ.name in builtins) {
			types << typ
		}
	}
	// sort structs
	types_sorted := g.sort_structs(types)
	// Generate C code
	g.definitions.writeln('// builtin types:')
	g.definitions.writeln('//------------------ #endbuiltin')
	g.write_types(types_sorted)
}

fn (g mut Gen) write_types(types []table.TypeSymbol) {
	for typ in types {
		if typ.name.starts_with('C.') {
			continue
		}
		// sym := g.table.get_type_symbol(typ)
		name := typ.name.replace('.', '__')
		match typ.info {
			table.Struct {
				info := typ.info as table.Struct
				// g.definitions.writeln('typedef struct {')
				if info.is_union {
					g.definitions.writeln('union $name {')
				} else {
					g.definitions.writeln('struct $name {')
				}
				if info.fields.len > 0 {
					for field in info.fields {
						type_name := g.typ(field.typ)
						field_name := c_name(field.name)
						g.definitions.writeln('\t$type_name $field_name;')
					}
				} else {
					g.definitions.writeln('EMPTY_STRUCT_DECLARATION;')
				}
				// g.definitions.writeln('} $name;\n')
				//
				g.definitions.writeln('};\n')
			}
			table.Alias {
				// table.Alias, table.SumType { TODO
			}
			table.SumType {
				g.definitions.writeln('// Sum type')
				g.definitions.writeln('
				typedef struct {
void* obj;
int typ;
} $name;')
			}
			table.ArrayFixed {
				// .array_fixed {
				styp := typ.name.replace('.', '__')
				// array_fixed_char_300 => char x[300]
				mut fixed := styp[12..]
				len := styp.after('_')
				fixed = fixed[..fixed.len - len.len - 1]
				g.definitions.writeln('typedef $fixed $styp [$len];')
				// }
			}
			else {}
		}
	}
}

// sort structs by dependant fields
fn (g Gen) sort_structs(typesa []table.TypeSymbol) []table.TypeSymbol {
	mut dep_graph := depgraph.new_dep_graph()
	// types name list
	mut type_names := []string
	for typ in typesa {
		type_names << typ.name
	}
	// loop over types
	for t in typesa {
		// create list of deps
		mut field_deps := []string
		match t.info {
			table.ArrayFixed {
				dep := g.table.get_type_symbol(it.elem_type).name
				if dep in type_names {
					field_deps << dep
				}
			}
			table.Struct {
				info := t.info as table.Struct
				for field in info.fields {
					dep := g.table.get_type_symbol(field.typ).name
					// skip if not in types list or already in deps
					if !(dep in type_names) || dep in field_deps || table.type_is_ptr(field.typ) {
						continue
					}
					field_deps << dep
				}
			}
			else {}
		}
		// add type and dependant types to graph
		dep_graph.add(t.name, field_deps)
	}
	// sort graph
	dep_graph_sorted := dep_graph.resolve()
	if !dep_graph_sorted.acyclic {
		verror('cgen.sort_structs(): the following structs form a dependency cycle:\n' + dep_graph_sorted.display_cycles() +
			'\nyou can solve this by making one or both of the dependant struct fields references, eg: field &MyStruct' +
			'\nif you feel this is an error, please create a new issue here: https://github.com/vlang/v/issues and tag @joe-conigliaro')
	}
	// sort types
	mut types_sorted := []table.TypeSymbol
	for node in dep_graph_sorted.nodes {
		types_sorted << g.table.types[g.table.type_idxs[node.name]]
	}
	return types_sorted
}

fn (g mut Gen) string_inter_literal(node ast.StringInterLiteral) {
	g.write('_STR("')
	// Build the string with %
	for i, val in node.vals {
		escaped_val := val.replace_each(['"', '\\"', '\r\n', '\\n', '\n', '\\n'])
		g.write(escaped_val)
		if i >= node.exprs.len {
			continue
		}
		// TODO: fix match, sum type false positive
		// match node.expr_types[i] {
		// table.string_type {
		// g.write('%.*s')
		// }
		// table.int_type {
		// g.write('%d')
		// }
		// else {}
		// }
		sym := g.table.get_type_symbol(node.expr_types[i])
		sfmt := node.expr_fmts[i]
		if sfmt.len > 0 {
			fspec := sfmt[sfmt.len - 1]
			if fspec == `s` && node.expr_types[i] != table.string_type {
				verror('only V strings can be formatted with a ${sfmt} format')
			}
			g.write('%' + sfmt[1..])
		} else if node.expr_types[i] in [table.string_type, table.bool_type] || sym.kind ==
			.enum_ {
			g.write('%.*s')
		} else {
			match node.exprs[i] {
				ast.EnumVal {
					g.write('%.*s')
				}
				else {
					g.write('%d')
				}
			}
		}
	}
	g.write('", ')
	// Build args
	for i, expr in node.exprs {
		sfmt := node.expr_fmts[i]
		if sfmt.len > 0 {
			fspec := sfmt[sfmt.len - 1]
			if fspec == `s` && node.expr_types[i] == table.string_type {
				g.expr(expr)
				g.write('.str')
			} else {
				g.expr(expr)
			}
		} else if node.expr_types[i] == table.string_type {
			// `name.str, name.len,`
			g.expr(expr)
			g.write('.len, ')
			g.expr(expr)
			g.write('.str')
		} else if node.expr_types[i] == table.bool_type {
			g.expr(expr)
			g.write(' ? 4 : 5, ')
			g.expr(expr)
			g.write(' ? "true" : "false"')
		} else {
			sym := g.table.get_type_symbol(node.expr_types[i])
			if sym.kind == .enum_ {
				is_var := match node.exprs[i] {
					ast.SelectorExpr {
						true
					}
					ast.Ident {
						true
					}
					else {
						false
					}
				}
				if is_var {
					styp := g.typ(node.expr_types[i])
					g.gen_str_for_type(sym, styp)
					g.write('${styp}_str(')
					g.enum_expr(expr)
					g.write(')')
					g.write('.len, ')
					g.write('${styp}_str(')
					g.enum_expr(expr)
					g.write(').str')
				} else {
					g.write('tos3("')
					g.enum_expr(expr)
					g.write('")')
					g.write('.len, ')
					g.write('"')
					g.enum_expr(expr)
					g.write('"')
				}
			} else {
				g.expr(expr)
			}
		}
		if i < node.exprs.len - 1 {
			g.write(', ')
		}
	}
	g.write(')')
}

// `nums.filter(it % 2 == 0)`
fn (g mut Gen) gen_filter(node ast.CallExpr) {
	tmp := g.new_tmp_var()
	s := g.out.after(g.stmt_start_pos)	// the already generated part of current statement
	g.out.go_back(s.len)
	// println('filter s="$s"')
	sym := g.table.get_type_symbol(node.return_type)
	if sym.kind != .array {
		verror('filter() requires an array')
	}
	info := sym.info as table.Array
	styp := g.typ(node.return_type)
	elem_type_str := g.typ(info.elem_type)
	g.write('\nint ${tmp}_len = ')
	g.expr(node.left)
	g.writeln('.len;')
	g.writeln('$styp $tmp = new_array(0, ${tmp}_len, sizeof($elem_type_str));')
	g.writeln('for (int i = 0; i < ${tmp}_len; i++) {')
	g.write('  $elem_type_str it = (($elem_type_str*) ')
	g.expr(node.left)
	g.writeln('.data)[i];')
	g.write('if (')
	g.expr(node.args[0].expr)	// the first arg is the filter condition
	g.writeln(') array_push(&$tmp, &it); \n }')
	g.write(s)
	g.write(' ')
	g.write(tmp)
}

fn (g mut Gen) insert_before(s string) {
	cur_line := g.out.after(g.stmt_start_pos)
	g.out.go_back(cur_line.len)
	g.writeln(s)
	g.write(cur_line)
}

fn (g mut Gen) call_expr(node ast.CallExpr) {
	gen_or := !g.is_assign_rhs && node.or_block.stmts.len > 0
	tmp_opt := if gen_or { g.new_tmp_var() } else { '' }
	if gen_or {
		styp := g.typ(node.return_type)
		g.write('$styp $tmp_opt = ')
	}
	if node.is_method {
		g.method_call(node)
	} else {
		g.fn_call(node)
	}
	if gen_or {
		g.or_block(tmp_opt, node.or_block.stmts, node.return_type)
	}
}

fn (g mut Gen) method_call(node ast.CallExpr) {
	// TODO: there are still due to unchecked exprs (opt/some fn arg)
	if node.left_type == 0 {
		verror('method receiver type is 0, this means there are some uchecked exprs')
	}
	typ_sym := g.table.get_type_symbol(node.receiver_type)
	// rec_sym := g.table.get_type_symbol(node.receiver_type)
	mut receiver_name := typ_sym.name
	if typ_sym.kind == .array && node.name == 'filter' {
		g.gen_filter(node)
		return
	}
	// TODO performance, detect `array` method differently
	if typ_sym.kind == .array && node.name in ['repeat', 'sort_with_compare', 'free', 'push_many',
		'trim', 'first', 'last', 'clone', 'reverse', 'slice'] {
		// && rec_sym.name == 'array' {
		// && rec_sym.name == 'array' && receiver_name.starts_with('array') {
		// `array_byte_clone` => `array_clone`
		receiver_name = 'array'
		if node.name in ['last', 'first'] {
			return_type_str := g.typ(node.return_type)
			g.write('*($return_type_str*)')
		}
	}
	name := '${receiver_name}_$node.name'.replace('.', '__')
	// if node.receiver_type != 0 {
	// g.write('/*${g.typ(node.receiver_type)}*/')
	// g.write('/*expr_type=${g.typ(node.left_type)} rec type=${g.typ(node.receiver_type)}*/')
	// }
	g.write('${name}(')
	if table.type_is_ptr(node.receiver_type) && !table.type_is_ptr(node.left_type) {
		// The receiver is a reference, but the caller provided a value
		// Add `&` automatically.
		// TODO same logic in call_args()
		g.write('&')
	} else if !table.type_is_ptr(node.receiver_type) && table.type_is_ptr(node.left_type) {
		g.write('/*rec*/*')
	}
	g.expr(node.left)
	is_variadic := node.expected_arg_types.len > 0 && table.type_is(node.expected_arg_types[node.expected_arg_types.len -
		1], .variadic)
	if node.args.len > 0 || is_variadic {
		g.write(', ')
	}
	// /////////
	/*
	if name.contains('subkeys') {
	println('call_args $name $node.arg_types.len')
	for t in node.arg_types {
		sym := g.table.get_type_symbol(t)
		print('$sym.name ')
	}
	println('')
}
*/
	// ///////
	g.call_args(node.args, node.expected_arg_types)
	g.write(')')
	// if node.or_block.stmts.len > 0 {
	// g.or_block(node.or_block.stmts, node.return_type)
	// }
}

fn (g mut Gen) fn_call(node ast.CallExpr) {
	mut name := node.name
	is_print := name == 'println' || name == 'print'
	print_method := if name == 'println' { 'println' } else { 'print' }
	if node.is_c {
		// Skip "C."
		g.is_c_call = true
		name = name[2..].replace('.', '__')
	} else {
		name = c_name(name)
	}
	// Generate tmp vars for values that have to be freed.
	/*
	mut tmps := []string
	for arg in node.args {
		if arg.typ == table.string_type_idx || is_print {
			tmp := g.new_tmp_var()
			tmps << tmp
			g.write('string $tmp = ')
			g.expr(arg.expr)
			g.writeln('; //memory')
		}
	}
*/
	if is_print && node.args[0].typ != table.string_type {
		typ := node.args[0].typ
		mut styp := g.typ(typ)
		sym := g.table.get_type_symbol(typ)
		if table.type_is_ptr(typ) {
			styp = styp.replace('*', '')
		}
		g.gen_str_for_type(sym, styp)
		if g.autofree && !table.type_is(typ, .optional) {
			// Create a temporary variable so that the value can be freed
			tmp := g.new_tmp_var()
			// tmps << tmp
			g.write('string $tmp = ${styp}_str(')
			g.expr(node.args[0].expr)
			g.writeln('); ${print_method}($tmp); string_free($tmp); //MEM2 $styp')
		} else {
			expr := node.args[0].expr
			is_var := match expr {
				ast.SelectorExpr {
					true
				}
				ast.Ident {
					true
				}
				else {
					false
				}
			}
			if table.type_is_ptr(typ) && sym.kind != .struct_ {
				// ptr_str() for pointers
				styp = 'ptr'
			}
			if sym.kind == .enum_ {
				if is_var {
					g.write('${print_method}(${styp}_str(')
				} else {
					// when no var, print string directly
					g.write('${print_method}(tos3("')
				}
				if table.type_is_ptr(typ) {
					// dereference
					g.write('*')
				}
				g.enum_expr(expr)
				if !is_var {
					// end of string
					g.write('"')
				}
			} else {
				g.write('${print_method}(${styp}_str(')
				if table.type_is_ptr(typ) && sym.kind == .struct_ {
					// dereference
					g.write('*')
				}
				g.expr(expr)
				if sym.kind == .struct_ && styp != 'ptr' && !sym.has_method('str') {
					g.write(', 0')					// trailing 0 is initial struct indent count
				}
			}
			g.write('))')
		}
	} else {
		g.write('${name}(')
		g.call_args(node.args, node.expected_arg_types)
		g.write(')')
	}
	// if node.or_block.stmts.len > 0 {
	// g.or_block(node.or_block.stmts, node.return_type)
	// }
	g.is_c_call = false
}

// If user is accessing the return value eg. in assigment, pass the variable name.
// If the user is not using the optional return value. We need to pass a temp var
// to access its fields (`.ok`, `.error` etc)
// `os.cp(...)` => `Option bool tmp = os__cp(...); if (!tmp.ok) { ... }`
fn (g mut Gen) or_block(var_name string, stmts []ast.Stmt, return_type table.Type) {
	mr_styp := g.typ(return_type)
	mr_styp2 := mr_styp[7..]	// remove Option_
	g.writeln(';')	// or')
	g.writeln('if (!${var_name}.ok) {')
	g.writeln('\tstring err = ${var_name}.v_error;')
	g.writeln('\tint errcode = ${var_name}.ecode;')
	last_type, type_of_last_expression := g.type_of_last_statement(stmts)
	if last_type == 'v.ast.ExprStmt' && type_of_last_expression != 'void' {
		g.indent++
		for i, stmt in stmts {
			if i == stmts.len - 1 {
				g.indent--
				g.write('\t*(${mr_styp2}*) ${var_name}.data = ')
			}
			g.stmt(stmt)
		}
	} else {
		g.stmts(stmts)
	}
	g.write('}')
}

fn (g mut Gen) type_of_last_statement(stmts []ast.Stmt) (string, string) {
	mut last_type := ''
	mut last_expr_result_type := ''
	if stmts.len > 0 {
		last_stmt := stmts[stmts.len - 1]
		last_type = typeof(last_stmt)
		if last_type == 'v.ast.ExprStmt' {
			match last_stmt {
				ast.ExprStmt {
					it_expr_type := typeof(it.expr)
					if it_expr_type == 'v.ast.CallExpr' {
						g.writeln('\t // typeof it_expr_type: $it_expr_type')
						last_expr_result_type = g.type_of_call_expr(it.expr)
					} else {
						last_expr_result_type = it_expr_type
					}
				}
				else {
					last_expr_result_type = last_type
				}
			}
		}
	}
	g.writeln('\t// last_type: $last_type')
	g.writeln('\t// last_expr_result_type: $last_expr_result_type')
	return last_type, last_expr_result_type
}

fn (g mut Gen) type_of_call_expr(node ast.Expr) string {
	match node {
		ast.CallExpr {
			return g.typ(it.return_type)
		}
		else {
			return typeof(node)
		}
	}
	return ''
}

// `a in [1,2,3]` => `a == 1 || a == 2 || a == 3`
fn (g mut Gen) in_optimization(left ast.Expr, right ast.ArrayInit) {
	is_str := right.elem_type == table.string_type
	for i, array_expr in right.exprs {
		if is_str {
			g.write('string_eq(')
		}
		g.expr(left)
		if is_str {
			g.write(', ')
		} else {
			g.write(' == ')
		}
		g.expr(array_expr)
		if is_str {
			g.write(')')
		}
		if i < right.exprs.len - 1 {
			g.write(' || ')
		}
	}
}

fn op_to_fn_name(name string) string {
	return match name {
		'+' {
			'_op_plus'
		}
		'-' {
			'_op_minus'
		}
		'*' {
			'_op_mul'
		}
		'/' {
			'_op_div'
		}
		'%' {
			'_op_mod'
		}
		else {
			'bad op $name'
		}
	}
}

fn comp_if_to_ifdef(name string) string {
	match name {
		'windows' {
			return '_WIN32'
		}
		'mac' {
			return '__APPLE__'
		}
		'macos' {
			return '__APPLE__'
		}
		'linux' {
			return '__linux__'
		}
		'freebsd' {
			return '__FreeBSD__'
		}
		'openbsd' {
			return '__OpenBSD__'
		}
		'netbsd' {
			return '__NetBSD__'
		}
		'dragonfly' {
			return '__DragonFly__'
		}
		'msvc' {
			return '_MSC_VER'
		}
		'android' {
			return '__ANDROID__'
		}
		'js' {
			return '_VJS'
		}
		'solaris' {
			return '__sun'
		}
		'haiku' {
			return '__haiku__'
		}
		'tinyc' {
			return 'tinyc'
		}
		'debug' {
			return '_VDEBUG'
		}
		'linux_or_macos' {
			return ''
		}
		'mingw' {
			return '__MINGW32__'
		}
		'glibc' {
			return '__GLIBC__'
		}
		'prealloc' {
			return 'VPREALLOC'
		}
		'no_bounds_checking' {
			return 'NO_BOUNDS_CHECK'
		}
		'x64' {
			return 'TARGET_IS_64BIT'
		}
		'x32' {
			return 'TARGET_IS_32BIT'
		}
		'little_endian' {
			return 'TARGET_ORDER_IS_LITTLE'
		}
		'big_endian' {
			return 'TARGET_ORDER_IS_BIG'
		}
		else {
			verror('bad os ifdef name "$name"')
		}
	}
	// verror('bad os ifdef name "$name"')
	return ''
}

[inline]
fn c_name(name_ string) string {
	name := name_.replace('.', '__')
	if name in c_reserved {
		return 'v_$name'
	}
	return name
}

fn (g Gen) type_default(typ table.Type) string {
	sym := g.table.get_type_symbol(typ)
	if sym.kind == .array {
		elem_sym := g.table.get_type_symbol(sym.array_info().elem_type)
		elem_type_str := elem_sym.name.replace('.', '__')
		return 'new_array(0, 1, sizeof($elem_type_str))'
	}
	if sym.kind == .map {
		value_sym := g.table.get_type_symbol(sym.map_info().value_type)
		value_type_str := value_sym.name.replace('.', '__')
		return 'new_map(1, sizeof($value_type_str))'
	}
	// Always set pointers to 0
	if table.type_is_ptr(typ) {
		return '0'
	}
	// User struct defined in another module.
	// if typ.contains('__') {
	if sym.kind == .struct_ {
		return '{0}'
	}
	// if typ.ends_with('Fn') { // TODO
	// return '0'
	// }
	// Default values for other types are not needed because of mandatory initialization
	idx := int(typ)
	if idx >= 1 && idx <= 17 {
		return '0'
	}
	/*
	match idx {
		table.bool_type_idx {
			return '0'
		}
		else {}
	}
*/
	match sym.name {
		'string' {
			return 'tos3("")'
		}
		'rune' {
			return '0'
		}
		else {}
	}
	return '{0}'
	// TODO this results in
	// error: expected a field designator, such as '.field = 4'
	// - Empty ee= (Empty) { . =  {0}  } ;
	/*
	return match typ {
	'bool'{ '0'}
	'string'{ 'tos3("")'}
	'i8'{ '0'}
	'i16'{ '0'}
	'i64'{ '0'}
	'u16'{ '0'}
	'u32'{ '0'}
	'u64'{ '0'}
	'byte'{ '0'}
	'int'{ '0'}
	'rune'{ '0'}
	'f32'{ '0.0'}
	'f64'{ '0.0'}
	'byteptr'{ '0'}
	'voidptr'{ '0'}
	else { '{0} '}
}
*/
}

pub fn (g mut Gen) write_tests_main() {
	g.definitions.writeln('int g_test_oks = 0;')
	g.definitions.writeln('int g_test_fails = 0;')
	$if windows {
		g.writeln('int wmain() {')
	} $else {
		g.writeln('int main() {')
	}
	g.writeln('\t_vinit();')
	g.writeln('')
	all_tfuncs := g.get_all_test_function_names()
	if g.pref.is_stats {
		g.writeln('\tBenchedTests bt = start_testing(${all_tfuncs.len}, tos3("$g.pref.path"));')
	}
	for t in all_tfuncs {
		g.writeln('')
		if g.pref.is_stats {
			g.writeln('\tBenchedTests_testing_step_start(&bt, tos3("$t"));')
		}
		g.writeln('\t${t}();')
		if g.pref.is_stats {
			g.writeln('\tBenchedTests_testing_step_end(&bt);')
		}
	}
	g.writeln('')
	if g.pref.is_stats {
		g.writeln('\tBenchedTests_end_testing(&bt);')
	}
	g.writeln('')
	if g.autofree {
		g.writeln('\t_vcleanup();')
	}
	g.writeln('\treturn g_test_fails > 0;')
	g.writeln('}')
}

fn (g Gen) get_all_test_function_names() []string {
	mut tfuncs := []string
	mut tsuite_begin := ''
	mut tsuite_end := ''
	for _, f in g.table.fns {
		if f.name == 'testsuite_begin' {
			tsuite_begin = f.name
			continue
		}
		if f.name == 'testsuite_end' {
			tsuite_end = f.name
			continue
		}
		if f.name.starts_with('test_') {
			tfuncs << f.name
			continue
		}
		// What follows is for internal module tests
		// (they are part of a V module, NOT in main)
		if f.name.contains('.test_') {
			tfuncs << f.name
			continue
		}
		if f.name.ends_with('.testsuite_begin') {
			tsuite_begin = f.name
			continue
		}
		if f.name.ends_with('.testsuite_end') {
			tsuite_end = f.name
			continue
		}
	}
	mut all_tfuncs := []string
	if tsuite_begin.len > 0 {
		all_tfuncs << tsuite_begin
	}
	all_tfuncs << tfuncs
	if tsuite_end.len > 0 {
		all_tfuncs << tsuite_end
	}
	mut all_tfuncs_c := []string
	for f in all_tfuncs {
		all_tfuncs_c << f.replace('.', '__')
	}
	return all_tfuncs_c
}

fn (g Gen) is_importing_os() bool {
	return 'os' in g.table.imports
}

fn (g mut Gen) comp_if(it ast.CompIf) {
	ifdef := comp_if_to_ifdef(it.val)
	if it.is_not {
		g.writeln('\n#ifndef ' + ifdef)
		g.writeln('// #if not $it.val')
	} else {
		g.writeln('\n#ifdef ' + ifdef)
		g.writeln('// #if $it.val')
	}
	// NOTE: g.defer_ifdef is needed for defers called witin an ifdef
	// in v1 this code would be completely excluded
	g.defer_ifdef = if it.is_not {
		'#ifndef ' + ifdef
	} else {
		'#ifdef ' + ifdef
	}
	// println('comp if stmts $g.file.path:$it.pos.line_nr')
	g.stmts(it.stmts)
	g.defer_ifdef = ''
	if it.has_else {
		g.writeln('#else')
		g.defer_ifdef = if it.is_not {
			'#ifdef ' + ifdef
		} else {
			'#ifndef ' + ifdef
		}
		g.stmts(it.else_stmts)
		g.defer_ifdef = ''
	}
	g.writeln('#endif')
}

fn (g mut Gen) go_stmt(node ast.GoStmt) {
	tmp := g.new_tmp_var()
	// x := node.call_expr as ast.CallEpxr // TODO
	match node.call_expr {
		ast.CallExpr {
			mut name := it.name.replace('.', '__')
			if it.is_method {
				receiver_sym := g.table.get_type_symbol(it.receiver_type)
				name = receiver_sym.name + '_' + name
			}
			g.writeln('// go')
			wrapper_struct_name := 'thread_arg_' + name
			wrapper_fn_name := name + '_thread_wrapper'
			arg_tmp_var := 'arg_' + tmp
			g.writeln('$wrapper_struct_name *$arg_tmp_var = malloc(sizeof(thread_arg_$name));')
			if it.is_method {
				g.write('${arg_tmp_var}->arg0 = ')
				g.expr(it.left)
				g.writeln(';')
			}
			for i, arg in it.args {
				g.write('${arg_tmp_var}->arg${i+1} = ')
				g.expr(arg.expr)
				g.writeln(';')
			}
			if g.pref.os == .windows {
				g.writeln('CreateThread(0,0, (LPTHREAD_START_ROUTINE)$wrapper_fn_name, $arg_tmp_var, 0,0);')
			} else {
				g.writeln('pthread_t thread_$tmp;')
				g.writeln('pthread_create(&thread_$tmp, NULL, (void*)$wrapper_fn_name, $arg_tmp_var);')
			}
			g.writeln('// endgo\n')
			// Register the wrapper type and function
			if name in g.threaded_fns {
				return
			}
			g.definitions.writeln('\ntypedef struct $wrapper_struct_name {')
			if it.is_method {
				styp := g.typ(it.receiver_type)
				g.definitions.writeln('\t$styp arg0;')
			}
			for i, arg in it.args {
				styp := g.typ(arg.typ)
				g.definitions.writeln('\t$styp arg${i+1};')
			}
			g.definitions.writeln('} $wrapper_struct_name;')
			g.definitions.writeln('void* ${wrapper_fn_name}($wrapper_struct_name *arg);')
			g.gowrappers.writeln('void* ${wrapper_fn_name}($wrapper_struct_name *arg) {')
			g.gowrappers.write('\t${name}(')
			if it.is_method {
				g.gowrappers.write('arg->arg0')
				if it.args.len > 0 {
					g.gowrappers.write(', ')
				}
			}
			for i in 0 .. it.args.len {
				g.gowrappers.write('arg->arg${i+1}')
				if i < it.args.len - 1 {
					g.gowrappers.write(', ')
				}
			}
			g.gowrappers.writeln(');')
			g.gowrappers.writeln('\treturn 0;')
			g.gowrappers.writeln('}')
			g.threaded_fns << name
		}
		else {}
	}
}

// already generated styp, reuse it
fn (g mut Gen) gen_str_for_type(sym table.TypeSymbol, styp string) {
	if sym.has_method('str') || styp in g.str_types {
		return
	}
	g.str_types << styp
	match sym.info {
		table.Struct {
			g.gen_str_for_struct(it, styp)
		}
		table.Enum {
			g.gen_str_for_enum(it, styp)
		}
		else {
			println('cannot generate str() for $sym.name')
		}
	}
}

fn (g mut Gen) gen_str_for_enum(info table.Enum, styp string) {
	s := styp.replace('.', '__')
	g.definitions.write('string ${s}_str($styp it) {\n\tswitch(it) {\n')
	for i, val in info.vals {
		g.definitions.write('\t\tcase ${s}_$val: return tos3("$val");\n')
	}
	g.definitions.write('\t\tdefault: return tos3("unknown enum value"); } }\n')
}

fn (g mut Gen) gen_str_for_struct(info table.Struct, styp string) {
	// TODO: short it if possible
	// generates all definitions of substructs
	for i, field in info.fields {
		sym := g.table.get_type_symbol(field.typ)
		if sym.kind == .struct_ {
			field_styp := g.typ(field.typ)
			g.gen_str_for_type(sym, field_styp)
		}
	}
	s := styp.replace('.', '__')
	g.definitions.write('string ${s}_str($styp it, int indent_count) {\n')
	// generate ident / indent length = 4 spaces
	g.definitions.write('\tstring indents = tos3("");\n\tfor (int i = 0; i < indent_count; i++) { indents = string_add(indents, tos3("    ")); }\n')
	g.definitions.write('\treturn _STR("$styp {\\n')
	for field in info.fields {
		fmt := g.type_to_fmt(field.typ)
		g.definitions.write('%.*s    ' + '$field.name: $fmt\\n')
	}
	g.definitions.write('%.*s}"')
	if info.fields.len > 0 {
		g.definitions.write(', ')
		for i, field in info.fields {
			sym := g.table.get_type_symbol(field.typ)
			if sym.kind == .struct_ {
				field_styp := g.typ(field.typ)
				g.definitions.write('indents.len, indents.str, ${field_styp}_str(it.$field.name, indent_count + 1).len, ${field_styp}_str(it.$field.name, indent_count + 1).str')
			} else {
				g.definitions.write('indents.len, indents.str, it.$field.name')
				if field.typ == table.string_type {
					g.definitions.write('.len, it.${field.name}.str')
				} else if field.typ == table.bool_type {
					g.definitions.write(' ? 4 : 5, it.${field.name} ? "true" : "false"')
				}
				if i < info.fields.len - 1 {
					g.definitions.write(', ')
				}
			}
		}
	}
	g.definitions.writeln(', indents.len, indents.str);\n}')
}

fn (g Gen) type_to_fmt(typ table.Type) string {
	sym := g.table.get_type_symbol(typ)
	if sym.kind == .struct_ {
		return '%.*s'
	} else if typ == table.string_type {
		return "\'%.*s\'"
	} else if typ == table.bool_type {
		return '%.*s'
	} else if typ in [table.f32_type, table.f64_type] {
		return '%g'		// g removes trailing zeros unlike %f
	}
	return '%d'
}