201 lines
5.3 KiB
Markdown
201 lines
5.3 KiB
Markdown
# The V Programming Language
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[](https://github.com/vlang/v/commits/master)
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[](https://travis-ci.org/vlang/v)
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<a href='https://patreon.com/vlang'><img src='https://img.shields.io/endpoint.svg?url=https%3A%2F%2Fshieldsio-patreon.herokuapp.com%2Fvlang%2Fpledges&style=for-the-badge' height='20'></a>
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https://vlang.io
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Documentation: [vlang.io/docs](https://vlang.io/docs)
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Changelog: [github.com/vlang/v/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md](https://github.com/vlang/v/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md)
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Twitter: [twitter.com/v_language](https://twitter.com/v_language)
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Discord (primary community): [discord.gg/n7c74HM](https://discord.gg/n7c74HM)
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Installing V: [github.com/vlang/v#installing-v-from-source](https://github.com/vlang/v#installing-v-from-source)
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## Key Features of V
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- Simplicity: the language can be learned in less than an hour
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- Fast compilation: ≈100k — 1.2 million loc/s
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- Easy to develop: V compiles itself in less than a second
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- Performance: within 3% of C
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- Safety: no null, no globals, no undefined behavior, immutability by default
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- C to V translation
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- Hot code reloading
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- Powerful UI and graphics libraries
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- Easy cross compilation
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- REPL
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- Built-in ORM
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- C and JavaScript backends
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V 1.0 release is planned for December 2019. Right now V is in an alpha stage.
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## Installing V from source
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### Linux, macOS, Windows, *BSD, WSL, Android, Raspbian
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```bash
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git clone https://github.com/vlang/v
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cd v
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make
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```
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That's it! Now you have a V executable at `[path to V repo]/v`. `[path to V repo]` can be anywhere.
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V is being constantly updated. To update V, simply run
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```
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v up
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```
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### C compiler
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You'll need Clang or GCC or Visual Studio. If you are doing development, you most likely already have one of those installed.
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Otherwise follow these instructions:
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[https://github.com/vlang/v/wiki/Installing-a-C-compiler-on-Linux-macOS](https://github.com/vlang/v/wiki/Installing-a-C-compiler-on-Linux-macOS)
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[github.com/vlang/v/wiki/Installing-a-C-compiler-on-Windows](https://github.com/vlang/v/wiki/Installing-a-C-compiler-on-Windows)
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### Symlinking
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You can create a `/usr/local/bin/v` symlink so that V is globally available:
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```
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sudo ./v symlink
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```
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### Docker
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```bash
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git clone https://github.com/vlang/v
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cd v
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docker build -t vlang .
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docker run --rm -it vlang:latest
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v
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```
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### Testing and running the examples
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Make sure V can compile itself:
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```
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v -o v compiler
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```
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```
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$ v
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V 0.1.x
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Use Ctrl-C or `exit` to exit
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>>> println('hello world')
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hello world
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>>>
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```
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```
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cd examples
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v hello_world.v && ./hello_world # or simply
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v run hello_world.v # this builds the program and runs it right away
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v word_counter.v && ./word_counter cinderella.txt
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v run news_fetcher.v
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v run tetris/tetris.v
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```
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<img src='https://raw.githubusercontent.com/vlang/v/master/examples/tetris/screenshot.png' width=300>
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In order to build Tetris and anything else using the graphics module, you will need to install glfw and freetype libraries.
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If you plan to use the http package, you also need to install OpenSSL on non-Windows systems.
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```
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macOS:
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brew install glfw freetype openssl
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Debian/Ubuntu:
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sudo apt install libglfw3 libglfw3-dev libfreetype6-dev libssl-dev
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Arch/Manjaro:
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sudo pacman -S glfw-x11 freetype2
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Fedora:
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sudo dnf install glfw glfw-devel freetype-devel
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Windows:
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git clone --depth=1 https://github.com/ubawurinna/freetype-windows-binaries [path to v repo]/thirdparty/freetype/
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```
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glfw dependency will be removed soon.
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## JavaScript backend
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[examples/hello_v_js.v](examples/hello_v_js.v):
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```
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fn main() {
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for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
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println('Hello from V.js')
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}
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}
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```
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```bash
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v -o hi.js examples/hello_v_js.v && node hi.js
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Hello from V.js
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Hello from V.js
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Hello from V.js
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```
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## Troubleshooting:
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You can see how V invokes the C backend compiler with `v -show_c_cmd file.v` .
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You can produce a .c file, *without* compiling it further with `v -o file.c file.v` .
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That is useful, if you want to integrate v as a transpiler into the build system (probably using a Makefile) of an existing large C code base, or if you just want to read the produced C code.
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You can prevent v from deleting the intermediate .c file (which is useful if you want to use a debugger like gdb or msvc) by: `v -debug file.v` .
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You can pass `-g`, which has the effect of -debug, and in addition will make the debugger information to have V line numbers, instead of C ones (NB: this will make the intermediate .c file harder to read).
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You can also set the VFLAGS environment variable to pass one or more flags to v, so that you do not have to type them manually everytime.
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Windows (cmd): `set VFLAGS=-debug -show_c_cmd`
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Windows (PowerShell): `$env:VFLAGS="-debug -show_c_cmd"`
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Unix (bash): export VFLAGS="-debug -show_c_cmd"
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Windows:
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If you get this error while running the V REPL, and you are using msvc:
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`'gcc' is not recognized as an internal or external command, operable program or batch file.`
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... please try:
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```shell
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set VFLAGS=-os msvc
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v.exe runrepl
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```
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## Contributing
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Code structure:
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https://github.com/vlang/v/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md
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If you introduce a breaking change and rebuild V, you will no longer be able to use V to build itself. So it's a good idea to make a backup copy of a working compiler executable.
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